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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
ISSN : 25024752     EISSN : 25024760     DOI : -
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Articles 40 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol 41, No 1: January 2026" : 40 Documents clear
Convolutional neural network DenseNet in classifying dyslexic handwriting images Pondayu, Chelsea Zaomi; Widodo, Widodo; Nugraheni, Murien
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp220-232

Abstract

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability (SLD) associated with word-level reading difficulties and often manifests in childhood handwriting through irregular spacing and inconsistent letter sizing, due to shared phonological and orthographic processing. Early identification is critical; however, traditional diagnostic procedures are time-consuming and unsuitable for large-scale screening. This study aimed to develop a handwriting analysis at the paragraph-level using a DenseNet121 convolutional neural network (CNN) model as a low-cost dyslexia screening tool for resource-constrained educational settings. One hundred English handwriting images were preprocessed and standardized into two hundred samples, with 70% of the dataset evaluated using 4-fold cross-validation and the remaining 30% used for testing. The model achieved 90% test accuracy and 92.86% training accuracy, significantly outperforming a random forest baseline that reached 83.57% train accuracy and 63.33% test accuracy, with statistical significance confirmed by McNemar’s test. The main contribution of this study is the demonstration that a lightweight, single-architecture DenseNet121 using paragraph-level analysis can achieve competitive performance compared to prior studies that relied on more complex hybrid models and character-level analysis, while requiring substantially lower computational resources and simplified pipeline. These findings indicate that DenseNet121 provides a robust and low-cost solution for preliminary dyslexia screening in resource-limited educational environments.
YOLOv8m enhancement using α-scaled gradient-normalized sigmoid activation for intelligent vehicle classification V. Serrano, Renz Raniel; B. Delmo, Jen Aldwayne; M. Rosales, Cristina Amor
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp153-167

Abstract

Vehicle classification plays a vital part in the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and modern traffic management, where the ability to detect and identify vehicles accurately in real time is essential for maintaining road efficiency and safety. This paper presents an enhancement to the YOLOv8m model by refining its activation function to achieve higher accuracy and faster response in diverse traffic and environmental situations. In this study, two alternative activation functions—Mish and Swish—were integrated into the YOLOv8m structure and tested against the model’s default sigmoid linear unit (SiLU). Training and evaluation were carried out using a comprehensive dataset of vehicles captured under different lighting and weather conditions. The experimental findings show that the modified activation design leads to better model convergence, improved generalization, and a noticeable boost in detection performance, recording up to 5.4% higher accuracy and 6.6% better mAP scores than the standard YOLOv8m. Overall, the results confirm that fine-tuning activation behavior can make deep learning models more adaptive and reliable for vehicle classification tasks in real-world intelligent transportation environments.
Comparative analysis of linear regression, random forest, and LightGBM for hepatitis disease prediction Tuhuteru, Hennie; Nivaan, Goldy Valendria; Rijoly, Marvelous Marvel; Tuhuteru, Joselina
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp430-438

Abstract

In bioinformatics research, computational pattern-analysis techniques are frequently employed to assist in disease prediction and diagnostic modeling, including applications for hepatitis prognosis. Hepatitis is a type of serious disease with various types that have the potential to threaten the life of the sufferer without showing significant symptoms and signs, so many sufferers do not realize that they are affected by the disease. Various methods are used to predict diseases in the hope of providing the best results from the learning model used. The objective of this study is to implement linear regression, random forest, and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) to estimate mortality risk among hepatitis patients. In addition, a performance comparison of the results of hepatitis disease prediction using the three algorithms was also carried out to find out which model gave the most accurate and optimal results. The results of this study show that the application of learning models from the linear regression, random forest and Light-GBM algorithms has been successfully carried out to predict the survival status of patients with hepatitis. The findings reveal that random forest achieved the highest predictive performance with an accuracy of 84%, followed by LightGBM at 77% and linear regression at 32%.
Invisible watermarking as an additional forensic feature of e-meterai Rimbawa, H.A Danang; Alam, Sirojul; Saputro, Joko W.; Mantoro, Teddy
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp344-356

Abstract

The e-meterai is an official digital product of the Indonesian government issued by the Directorate General of Taxation (DGT). Its usage has become increasingly widespread as conventional documentation transitions to digital formats, serving the same function as its printed counterpart. This product features a quick-response code embedded with unique Indonesian codes and offers overt, covert, and forensic features. This study aims to experiment with adding a forensic feature in the form of an invisible watermark. We employed two watermark embedding techniques, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), to determine which is more suitable for this application. After embedding the watermark, we also simulate various attacks including gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, averaging filter, rotation, translation, and speckle noise. For each attack, we calculated with normalized-cross correlation (NCC) values, obtaining 0.863 and 0.976 for the gaussian noise attack, 0.929 and 0.984 for the salt and pepper attack, 0.975 and 0.984 for the averaging filter attack, 0.173 and 0.097 for rotation attacks, 0.172 and 0.032 for translation attack, and 0.972 and 0.996 for speckle noise attack, using DFT and SIFT techniques, respectively.
Relationship between voltage and resistance in hybrid nanoconductive ink on different substrates in wet and dry conditions Shari, Norashikin; Hamid, Nurfaizey Abd; Photong, Chonlatee; Watson, Alan J.; Salim, Mohd Azli
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp18-32

Abstract

Hybrid graphene nanoplatelet/silver (GNP/Ag/SA) conductive inks are increasingly used in flexible electronics, yet there is limited understanding of how substrate type, solvent composition, and moisture exposure jointly control the electrical performance on metal and polymer substrates. This work aims to clarify how terpinol content (5T, 10T, 15T) and substrate properties of copper (Cu), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) influence voltage, resistance, and resistivity of screen-printed GNP/Ag/SA tracks under dry and postimmersion wet conditions. GNP/Ag/SA inks were formulated with fixed butanol and varied terpinol contents, printed on Cu, PET, and TPU, and characterized using electrical measurements, adhesion evaluation, and microstructural observations to relate resistivity trends to morphology, surface energy, and hygroscopic behavior. The Cu substrate showed the best performance, with Cu 10T achieving the lowest dry resistivity of approximately 1.2×10-5 Ω.m and Cu 15T the lowest wet resistivity of approximately 2.0×10-5 Ω.m, supported by dense, well-adhered microstructures. The PET exhibited higher resistivity values up to about 10-3 Ω.m and clear degradation after water immersion, while TPU showed very high or unmeasurable resistivity in wet conditions caused by severe ink loss and hygroscopic swelling, highlighting the important role of substrate surface energy and moisture response in determining the reliability of GNP/Ag/SA inks for applications in humid or wet environments.
A novel approach for detecting diabetic retinopathy using two-stream CNNs model Viet Huong, Pham Thi; Thinh, Le Duc; Oanh, Tran Thi; Bach, Tran Xuan; Huy, Hoang Quang; Vu, Tran Anh
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp200-209

Abstract

Major causes of visual impairment, particularly diabetic retinopathy (DR) and aged-related macular degeneration (AMD), has posed significant challenges for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Early detection and prompt intervention can help prevent severe consequences for patients. The study presents a novel approach for detecting eye diseases using a two-stream convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The first stream processes preprocessed fundus images, while the second stream analyzes high-pass filtered fundus images in the spatial frequency domain. To assess the model’s performance, we use the APTOS 2019 dataset, which was originally compiled for the Asia Pacific Tele-Ophthalmology Society 2019 Blindness Detection competition and is publicly available on Kaggle. Our method shows promise as an early screening tool for DR detection with an accuracy of 0.986.
Development of unified college admission system for Philippine state universities and colleges: a data-driven approach to equity and access Bordios, Abegail G.; Cananua-Labid, Sherrie Ann; Mabansag, Ariel B.; Cañal, Mae V.; D. Carboquillo, Jake Boy; Del Rosario, Ma. Andrea C.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp61-72

Abstract

This paper presents the development and pilot evaluation of the unified college admission system (UCAS), a centralized and equity-oriented digital platform designed to streamline admissions across Philippine state universities and colleges (SUCs). Anchored on Republic Act No. 10931, UCAS functions as a unified application repository that standardizes admissions data, consolidates applicant records, and enables real-time monitoring of equity target students (ETS) to support fair and transparent access to higher education. The system integrates student-facing and administrative portals that facilitate application submission, institutional coordination, and equity-focused analytics. A pilot evaluation involving student applicants and administrators assessed usability, efficiency, and reliability, yielding consistently positive results across user groups. Findings indicate that UCAS is technically robust, user-centered, and suitable for multi-level admissions governance. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of a centralized, data-driven admissions platform to complement tuition-free education policies by addressing inequities at the admissions stage.
Cryptojacking detection using model-agnostic explainability Mutombo, Elodie Ngoie; Nkongolo, Mike Wa; Tokmak, Mahmut
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp394-408

Abstract

Cryptojacking is the illicit use of computing resources for cryptocurrency mining. It has emerged as a serious cybersecurity threat that degrades critical system performance and increases operational costs. This paper proposes an advanced machine learning (ML) framework that integrates transformer-based language models with post hoc explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to detect cryptojacking using complementary network traffic and process memory (PM) data. Numerical and categorical features are discretized and tokenized to enable semantic modelling and contextual learning. Experimental results show that transformer models effectively capture cryptojacking-related behavioral patterns, with decoding-enhanced BERT with disentangled attention (DeBERTa) achieving high detection performance and recall exceeding 80%. Bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) attains comparable recall with lower computational overhead, making it well suited for real-time environments, while robustly optimized BERT approach (RoBERTa) and DeBERTa are more appropriate for offline or batch-based analysis. Model performance is evaluated using standard classification metrics, and XAI techniques provide interpretable insights into feature relevance, supporting transparent and reliable detection. In general, the proposed framework delivers an effective and deployment-ready solution for cryptojacking detection.
Lung cancer segmentation and classification using hybrid CNN-LSTM model Pradhan, Manaswini; Alkhayyat, Ahmed
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp309-319

Abstract

A collection of genetic disorders and various types of abnormalities in the metabolism lead to cancer, a fatal disease. Lung and colon cancer are found to be main causes of death and infirmity in people. When choosing the best course of treatment, the diagnosis of these tumors is usually the most important consideration. This study's main objectives are to classify lung cancer and its severity, as well as to recognize malignant lung nodules. The suggested approach additionally classifies the stages of lung cancer in order to recognize lung nodules. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to detect lung nodules, identifying a nodule which is accurately segmented and classified. The suggested method is separated into dual parts: primarily, it classifies normal and abnormal behavior, and the subsequent one classifies the different stages of lung cancer. Texture and intensity-based features are extracted during the classification stage. When compared to other methods such as nested long short-term memory (LSTM)+ CNN, the hybrid CNN LSTM obtains superior outcomes in terms of accuracy (99.35%), specificity (99.30%), sensitivity (99.32%), and F1-score (99.29%).
Tool support for LoRaWAN development: a comparative perspective on simulation and emulation Koketso, Ntshabele; Isong, Bassey
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp233-249

Abstract

This paper explores the use of various long range wireless area network (LoRaWAN) simulation and emulation tools when designing and evaluating IoT networks. Simulation tools are often popular with researchers because they are less costly and can easily simulate large-scale networks, allowing for easy and faster tests of the scalability of various protocols and behaviors. However, they often lack the unpredictable nature of real deployments. Emulation and cloud-based tools fill this gap, but with their flexibility they provide a more realistic approximation of real-world performance and allow easier interfacing with actual network hardware infrastructure, although they generally incur a higher cost which is often controlled by technical skill level use. 

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