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Legalis : Journal of Law Review
Published by PT Penerbit Ilmiah Indonesia
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30308658     DOI : https://doi.org/10.61978/legalis
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Legalis : Journal of Law Review with ISSN Number 3030-8658 (Online) published by Indonesian Scientific Publication, published original scholarly papers across the whole spectrum of law. The journal attempts to assist in the understanding of the present and potential ability law review.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 53 Documents
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Artificial Intelligence and International Business Law: Transforming Global Trade, Governance, and Compliance Md Samirul Islam
Legalis : Journal of Law Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scientific Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/legalis.v4i2.1348

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly reshaping international business law by transforming how firms manage regulatory compliance, governance processes, and cross-border trade operations. In practice, AI is applied to legal mechanisms such as automated customs compliance, regulatory monitoring, sanctions screening, and cross-border data transfer governance. Despite growing adoption, empirical evidence remains limited on how AI deployment and institutional conditions jointly influence compliance effectiveness and international trade performance. To address this gap, this study examines the effects of AI adoption, regulatory clarity, digital infrastructure readiness, and cross-border data governance quality on international trade performance, with compliance effectiveness as a mediating mechanism. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) on 350 survey responses, the findings show that all four antecedent factors have a significant positive impact on compliance effectiveness. Compliance effectiveness, in turn, strongly enhances firm-level international trade performance, measured through improvements in trade efficiency, risk reduction, and market expansion. Moreover, compliance effectiveness significantly mediates the relationship between the institutional and technological factors and trade performance. Among the predictors, cross-border data governance quality exerts the strongest influence. These findings highlight that AI-enabled trade outcomes depend not only on technological adoption but also on regulatory clarity, robust digital infrastructure, and harmonized data governance frameworks, offering practical insights for policymakers and firms integrating AI into international business law.
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of International Trade Law: Balancing Innovation, Regulation, and Global Fairness Md Samirul Islam; Abu Sayed; Anika Mahjabin; Nur Nahar Rimi
Legalis : Journal of Law Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scientific Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/legalis.v4i2.1349

Abstract

The international trade system will see the growing influence and use of artificial intelligence (AI), which has had important implications for regulation, decision-making, as well as global governance on both sides of borders. Building on legitimacy theory, this research provides the first empirical evidence of how AI knowledge competences, perceived ethical and transparency standards of AI, global fairness concerns over them and trust in AI impact governance alignment and how such governance alignment drives support for integrating AIs into international trade law. A quantitative study was designed in the form of a survey administered to U.S. policymakers, legal experts, business professionals and scholars. Following data screening, 320 returned cases were considered in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings show that all the four antecedents variables, namely firm scope, power asymmetry, strategic interpenetration and home country legitimacy, have a positive impact on governance alignment. Governance alignment is shown to have a significant direct impact on AI integration in international trade law, and it also strongly mediates the relationships between AI talent competencies, ethical and transparency standards, global fairness concerns, trust in AI and AI integration. The results emphasize governance alignment as a core mechanism. By doing so, it offers empirical evidence for the institutional and ethical requirements needed for responsible AI adoption in international trade law, while providing policy-relevant insights addressing the challenge of fostering innovation while ensuring fairness, transparency and global equity.
Grey Areas in Pakistani Criminal Law: The Missing Safeguards in Arrest Procedures for Vulnerable Accused with Mental Health Conditions and Neurodivergence Rida Fatima; Fareeha Nayab; Iqra Yaseen
Legalis : Journal of Law Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scientific Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/legalis.v4i2.1362

Abstract

Through a comparative legal review, this paper examines the Pakistani legal framework concerning the protection and rights of the vulnerable population with intellectual disabilities, autism, and other related mental health conditions within the criminal justice system. The paper focuses specifically on the absence of legal safeguards at the point of arrest and during the first 24 hours of custody before the magistrate presentation, a critical period when suspects are most vulnerable to secondary victimisation.  Comparative analysis with jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries reveals established mechanisms, including supported decision-making, mandatory police training, and custodial safeguards that protect vulnerable individuals from rights violations. The identified safeguards were systematically compared against the current Pakistani legal framework governing arrest and pre-trial detention. This review produced a structured gap map of Pakistan’s criminal procedure framework, evaluating the absence of enforceable safeguards across four domains: (1) vulnerability identification at arrest, (2) accessible communication of rights, (3) provision of an appropriate adult, (4) coercion prevention during initial custody. The paper concludes that the lack of procedural protections significantly increases the risk of coerced confessions, unreliable testimony, and miscarriages of justice. Urgent reforms are needed, including clearer statutory definitions, harmonisation of laws across provinces, integration of supported decision-making, structured training for law enforcement personnel, and the establishment of independent oversight mechanisms.

Page 6 of 6 | Total Record : 53

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