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Alfian Ma'arif
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Jl. Empu Sedah No. 12, Pringwulung, Condongcatur, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Control Systems and Optimization Letters
ISSN : -     EISSN : 29856116     DOI : 10.59247/csol
Control Systems and Optimization Letters is an open-access journal offering authors the opportunity to publish in all fundamental and interdisciplinary areas of control and optimization, rapidly enabling a safe and sustainable interconnected human society. Control Systems and Optimization Letters accept scientifically sound and technically correct papers and provide valuable new knowledge to the mathematics and engineering communities. Theoretical work, experimental work, or case studies are all welcome. The journal also publishes survey papers. However, survey papers will be considered only with prior approval from the editor-in-chief and should provide additional insights into the topic surveyed rather than a mere compilation of known results. Topics on well-studied modern control and optimization methods, such as linear quadratic regulators, are within the scope of the journal. The Control Systems and Optimization Letters focus on control system development and solving problems using optimization algorithms to reach 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The scope is linear control, nonlinear control, optimal control, adaptive control, robust control, geometry control, and intelligent control.
Articles 138 Documents
Refined Velocity–Position Dynamics in Particle Swarm Optimization: A Survey of Recent Mathematical Innovations Perkasa, Sigit Dani; Jasmine, Senit Araminta
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i2.203

Abstract

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) remains a pivotal metaheuristic for complex optimization, yet its canonical form faces persistent challenges, including premature convergence and inefficacy in dynamic or high-dimensional landscapes. This survey examines recent advancements in refining PSO’s velocity-position dynamics, emphasizing adaptive mechanisms that enhance exploration-exploitation balance, ensure stability in noisy measurement environments, preserve swarm diversity in discrete search spaces, and maintain robustness under changing problem conditions. Evaluation results on standardized benchmark functions and targeted applications—such as crack detection in bridge structural health monitoring, real-time photovoltaic panel solar tracking, and high-dimensional gene-expression feature selection—demonstrate convergence speeds up to 4-times faster, reliable scaling to over 150 dimensions, and task success rates exceeding 98%. However, these refinements incur moderate runtime overhead and require more intensive hyperparameter tuning, posing challenges for large-scale or real-time deployments. Building on the limitations of static parameter settings and theoretical gaps in dynamic adaptation, the study advocates for future research into hybrid metaheuristic frameworks, automated self-tuning strategies, and rigorous theoretical convergence guarantees. This synthesis bridges mathematical innovation with practical insights, guiding researchers in developing next-generation, self-adaptive PSO variants for contemporary optimization demands.
Challenges and Advances in Electrical and Thermal Modeling of High-Precision PMSM Drives Azom, Md Ali; Khan, Md. Yakub Ali
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i2.175

Abstract

This review examines the challenges and advancements in electrical and thermal modeling of PMSM systems, emphasizing their interdependence and practical applications. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are essential for high-precision applications including electric vehicles, robots, and aerospace systems because of their exact controllability, high efficiency, and high-power density. However, maximizing PMSM drive performance necessitates a thorough comprehension of both their thermal and electrical properties. The difficulties and developments in electrical and thermal modeling for PMSMs are thoroughly examined in this paper, with a focus on high-precision applications. The research starts by going over the basics of PMSM drives and their operating parameters. Next, it examines important electrical modeling methods, such as finite element methods, dq-axis transformations, and approaches to nonlinearities like saturation and harmonics. The conversation goes on to explore thermal modeling techniques, emphasizing computational fluid dynamics, lumped parameter models, and finite element thermal analysis. The review emphasizes how important integrated electrical-thermal models are for accurately predicting the coupled dynamics of electrical performance and heat generation in high-performance applications. Innovative solutions including machine learning-driven models, hybrid approaches, and the usage of digital twins are considered alongside major problems like computational complexity, parameter identification, and real-time implementation. In addition, this paper looks at real-world case studies that demonstrate how sophisticated modeling approaches can improve PMSM designs and guarantee thermal stability in a range of operating scenarios. The development of real-time simulation techniques, investigation of new cooling materials, and improvements in multi-physics modeling are among the final research directions mentioned. Future directions include advancements in real-time simulation, novel cooling materials, and multi-physics modeling. By highlighting this early integration, the study offers a cohesive framework that improves comprehension of coupled electro-thermal phenomena, setting it apart from traditional research and making it an invaluable tool for engineers and researchers.
Classical Dance-Metaheuristic: A Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm Inspired by Classical Dance Zhang, Jincheng; Zhang, Jindong
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i2.206

Abstract

This paper proposes a metaheuristic optimization algorithm based on classical dance, namely the Classical Dance Metaheuristic (CDMH). The algorithm combines the core elements of ballet, Indian classical dance and Chinese classical dance with modern optimization techniques, providing a new approach to high-dimensional optimization problems. The CDMH algorithm optimizes the search process through three stages of simulation: the posture training stage in bllaet, the rhythm and mudra exploration stage in Indian classical dance, and the integration stage of body, rhythm and artistic conception in Chinese classical dance. Experimental results show that CDMH shows good optimization ability in multiple classic optimization problems and can effectively avoid the dilemma of local optimal solutions.
Energy Management Strategies for Electric Vehicle Charging in Microgrids: A Case Study of Optimization Techniques Akash, Khairul Bashar; Akter, Mst Sumi; Emon, Md Afrad Hasan; Kazmi, Muhammad Meisam; Islam, Asm Mohaimenul
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i2.202

Abstract

The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into microgrids presents both significant opportunities and complex challenges in energy management. As the adoption of EVs increases, efficient charging strategies become essential for maintaining grid stability, reducing energy costs, and maximizing the utilization of renewable energy sources. This review explores various optimization techniques applied to energy management in EV charging within microgrids, including deterministic approaches, stochastic programming, Model Predictive Control (MPC), game theory, machine learning, and heuristic/metaheuristic methods. Each technique is evaluated based on its strengths, weaknesses, and applicability to different system requirements, such as real-time responsiveness, adaptability to uncertainties, and scalability. Moreover, the paper identifies emerging trends and key research areas, such as hybrid optimization frameworks, decentralized energy markets, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, and the integration of explainable AI for enhanced decision-making transparency. Additionally, challenges related to cybersecurity, resilience to system faults, and the integration of large-scale EV infrastructure are discussed. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for multi-objective optimization approaches that balance cost efficiency, user satisfaction, and grid reliability. With rapid advancements in EV technology and microgrid systems, research must focus on developing scalable and secure energy management solutions. While AI-driven methods show strong potential, real-world adoption faces challenges such as high costs, technical complexity, and integration issues. Practical applications highlight feasibility, but broader implementation demands further refinement.
Comparative Analysis of IoT and AI-Based Control Strategies for Community Micro-Grids Islam, Md Monirul; Akter, Mst. Tamanna; Elme, Nafisa Sultana; Khan, Md. Yakub Ali
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i2.191

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to review the centralized, decentralized, and hybrid control approaches based on key performance metrics such as efficiency, reliability, and scalability. By improving sustainability, dependability, and efficiency, the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in community micro-grids has completely changed energy management. The Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) have been used more and more in microgrid control to improve autonomy, dependability, and efficiency. Sensors, smart meters, distributed energy resources (DERs), and energy storage systems are just a few of the microgrid's components that can communicate and monitor in real time thanks to the Internet of Things.AI uses this data to make smart decisions on activities like fault detection, load forecasting, renewable energy prediction, and optimal power dispatch.  To optimize power distribution, load balancing, and fault detection in micro-grids, this article compares several control systems that make use of IoT and AI. The study looks at decentralized, hybrid, and centralized control strategies, emphasizing their benefits, drawbacks, and applicability in various operational scenarios. Important performance indicators are assessed, including cost-effectiveness, responsiveness, energy efficiency, and flexibility about renewable energy sources. The results contribute to the development of smart energy systems by shedding light on the best control schemes for enhancing microgrid performance.
A Comprehensive Review of AI-Driven DC Arc Fault Detection in Photovoltaic Systems Islam, Md Shoriful
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i2.208

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) systems now account for over 1.3% of global electricity generation and are expanding rapidly. DC arc faults pose severe safety risks among PV system faults, including fire hazards, equipment damage, and system failures. Traditional protection methods such as overcurrent devices and threshold-based detection often fail to distinguish arc faults from normal system noise reliably due to series arcs' intermittent and low-current nature. To address these problems, intelligent methods, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and hybrid approaches, have emerged as promising solutions offering superior accuracy, adaptability, and real-time performance. This paper presents a state-of-the-art intelligent approach for DC arc fault detection in PV systems. We explicitly compare ML and DL algorithms, highlighting trade-offs in computational efficiency, data requirements, and hardware constraints. Key implementation challenges, limited real-world datasets, and high computational costs for edge deployment are analyzed. Future directions focus on bridging gaps such as edge computing for real-time detection, synthetic data generation, and interpretable AI models. The findings aim to advance PV safety standards and enable scalable renewable energy integration.
Duck Foraging Algorithm (DFA): A Metaheuristic Algorithm Inspired by Duck Foraging Zhang, Jincheng; Zhang, Jindong
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i2.215

Abstract

For many complex optimization problems, the solution process often involves exploring multidimensional space, balancing global and local solutions, and improving the efficiency of the algorithm. In order to improve the optimization efficiency, this paper proposes a new metaheuristic algorithm called the Duck Foraging Algorithm (DFA). The algorithm is inspired by the behavior patterns of wild ducks in nature when foraging, especially their intra-group cooperation, clear division of labor, territoriality, and mobile foraging strategies. By simulating the foraging behavior of ducks, DFA can effectively explore and develop complex solution spaces and find the global optimal solution. The core principles and processes of the algorithm are elaborated in detail and compared with existing optimization algorithms. Finally, we verify its superiority in different types of optimization problems through a series of numerical experiments. Compared with traditional algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), DFA incorporates unique behavioral mechanisms—such as dynamic leadership switching and decentralized area foraging—based on duck group strategies. In particular, the leader duck guides the group based on fitness ranking, while other ducks balance local search and migration, reflecting a cooperative yet diversified exploration strategy.
Bio-Inspired Hybrid Control for Autonomous Vehicles: Improving Real-Time Navigation Through the Integration of ACO and PSO Uzzaman, Asif; Islam, Monirul; Ahmed, Shishir
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i3.204

Abstract

This research demonstrates nature-inspired control systems for the navigation of autonomous vehicles (AVs), utilizing algorithms derived from nature Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) to tackle challenges posed by dynamic environments. ACO is based on the pheromone trails of ants to facilitate adaptive route selection, PSO draws inspiration from bird flocking behavior for optimal pathfinding, and ABC imitates the division of labor seen in bee swarms for decentralized decision-making. A combined ACO-PSO model merges ACO's capability for local adaptability with PSO's ability for global convergence, allowing for real-time modifications to paths. Simulations conducted on the CARLA and SUMO platforms illustrate improvements in navigation stability and responsiveness, showcasing enhancements in trajectory smoothness by 15%, collision avoidance by 22%, and congestion reduction by 18% when faced with unexpected obstacles and variable traffic conditions. The findings support the notion that bio-inspired systems can serve as scalable and resilient alternatives to conventional algorithms, providing strong solutions for the emergence of next-generation AV technologies. This study connects biological concepts with artificial autonomy to develop intelligent transportation systems using hybrid algorithms and real-time adaptive learning. Biologically inspired models enhance decision-making in complex environments. However, limitations such as high computational complexity and challenges in scaling the system for real-world applications are acknowledged.
Pheasant Foraging Algorithm (PFA): A Bio-Inspired Approach for High-Dimensional Optimization Zhang, Jincheng; Zhang, Jindong
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i3.216

Abstract

This paper proposes an optimization algorithm based on pheasant foraging behavior, the Pheasant Foraging Algorithm (PFA). The algorithm simulates the collective cooperation and strategy selection of pheasant groups in the foraging process and is used to solve high-dimensional optimization problems. Based on the analysis of pheasant foraging patterns, an adaptive improvement strategy is proposed to improve local search efficiency while maintaining global search capabilities. Experimental results show that compared with classical optimization methods such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA), the PFA algorithm has better performance on many standard optimization problems, stronger global search capabilities and more stable convergence performance. The core innovation of PFA lies in its adaptive improvement strategy, which dynamically adjusts search behavior based on environmental feedback to balance global exploration and local exploitation. Unlike PSO and GA, which often suffer from premature convergence or limited local refinement, PFA introduces role-based cooperation and adaptive flight mechanisms inspired by pheasant group foraging behavior. 
A Particle Swarm Optimization-Enhanced Support Vector Regression Model for Accurate Prediction of Concrete Compressive Strength Using Slump Test Data Al-Rammahi, Hussein; Asaad, Ameer Yalmaz
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 3, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v3i3.224

Abstract

This paper proposes a hybrid machine learning model combining Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel-based Support Vector Regression (SVR) with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to predict the compressive strength of concrete using slump test data. Conventional methods rely on labor- and resource-intensive destructive testing, posing challenges for large-scale projects. To address this, SVR models the nonlinear slump-strength relationship, while PSO (swarm size=50, 100 iterations) automates hyperparameter tuning. The SVR-PSO model is benchmarked against Decision Trees, Neural Networks, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Naïve Bayes, evaluated using R², MAE, MAPE, and RMSE. Results show SVR-PSO achieves  and the lowest error rates, reducing prediction costs by up to 40% compared to traditional testing. Limitations include the model’s validation on a specific concrete mix dataset; generalizability to broader formulations requires further study. For reproducibility, code and data will be made publicly available. This work demonstrates how PSO-optimized SVR enables faster, cost-effective strength estimation, supporting data-driven decisions in civil engineering.

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