Journal of Emerging Innovations in Engineering (JEIE) is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Pustaka Intelektual Sutajaya. This journal is dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of engineering, pure and applied engineering. JEIE serves as a platform for academics, researchers, professionals, and educators to share knowledge, exchange ideas, and present innovative findings in related disciplines. All submitted manuscripts undergo a rigorous double-blind peer-review process to ensure objectivity, quality, and scientific integrity. The identities of both authors and reviewers are kept confidential throughout the review process. The editorial team is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and follows guidelines established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). This journal is intended to contribute to the development of science and technology, as well as to enhance the quality of research in engineering fields. JEIE welcomes submissions from researchers around the world. Journal of Emerging Innovations in Engineering (JEIE) publishes original and high-quality research that contributes to the advancement of knowledge in engineering the following fields: Electrical, Mechanical, and Civil Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering Computer and Software Engineering Environmental and Sustainable Engineering Engineering Design, Innovation, and Technology The journal welcomes contributions from researchers, educators, practitioners, and students who are engaged in interdisciplinary studies that bridge the fields of engineering. The scope includes both theoretical and empirical studies, literature reviews, and case studies that offer insights into the latest trends, challenges, and innovations.