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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 50 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 26 no. 2 (2025)" : 50 Documents clear
Short Communication: Flora and aves diversity in the Kasunanan Palace, Surakarta, Indonesia IRFAN ABU NAZAR; SUNARTO SUNARTO; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN; EDWI MAHAJOENO; WIDHI HIMAWAN; SOVIA WIJAYANTI; NUR CHOIRIYAH MERDEKAWATI; Diagal Wisnu Pamungkas; Haydar Ally; Daffa Nur Waskito; Ressa Karina; Asih Kinanti; Bisma Yoga Herdananta; SANGAJI SANGAJI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260218

Abstract

Abstract. Nazar IA, Sunarto, Setyawan AD, Indrawan M, Mahajoeno E, Himawan W, Wijayanti S, Merdekawati NC, Pamungkas DW, Ally H, Waskito DN, Karina R, Kinanti A, Herdananta BY, Sangaji. 2025. Short Communication: Flora and aves diversity in the Kasunanan Palace, Surakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 706-714. The development of Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia, as a MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, and Exhibition) center poses challenges to the availability of land, which threatens green open spaces and their ecological functions. The Palace (Keraton), a cultural symbol of Surakarta, has the potential to provide green open space as the manifestation of its local wisdom. This research aimed to identify the diversity of flora and avian fauna that occurred in the Kasunanan Palace, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. The study indicates that the Palace complex was still covered with medium to high vegetation cover, especially in the public open spaces of the Palace. Overall, the diversity index (H') of the flora reached 3.249, indicating a high level with an evenness index (E) of 0.624, indicating moderately even distribution. The most commonly found tree species were Hibiscus tiliaceus, Terminalia catappa, Mimusops elengi and Ficus benjamina. Fig tree (Ficus spp.) is a species with high symbolic and cultural value for the Palace. The avian diversity index (H') reached 2.084, indicating moderate diversity with an evenness index (E) of 0.328, indicating uneven distribution. The most commonly found avian species were Collocalia linchi, Passer montanus and Lonchura punctulata. These species are generalists, indicating high environmental pressure due to anthropogenic activities. The study results imply that green spaces in Keraton provide patches and stepping stones, which is an ideal habitat for developing urban biodiversity. This encourages greenspace restoration efforts based on the function of providing biodiversity through the conservation of special resources (large trees) and improving the quality of patches.
Genetic potential of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds for beef production in Purebred farms and crossbreeding ROZA IBRAYEVA; KUAT NURGAZY; KALIYA SATIYEVA; GULZAT GABIT; ORYNGUL MUKHAMETZHANOVA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260224

Abstract

Abstract. Ibrayeva R, Nurgazy K, Satiyeva K, Gabit G, Mukhametzhanova O. 2025. Genetic potential of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds for beef production in Purebred farms and crossbreeding. Biodiversitas 26: 761-769. Kazakhstan is experiencing essential growth in the livestock sector, with the production of environmentally friendly products serving as a key competitive advantage for the nation. Our study analyzed the meat productivity indices of the Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds, along with their hybrids. The investigation focused on assessing the meat quality of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford bulls in different genotype combinations by comparing key meat productivity indices. The meat from the controlled slaughter of test bulls complied with Category I requirements. Carcass weights of Hereford bulls surpassed those of the Kazakh White-headed breed by 42.9 kg (18.1%, P?0.05) and exceeded those of crossbreed bulls by 9.0 kg (3.3%, P?0.05). The Kazakh White-headed breed demonstrated a higher yield of internal fat: internal fat yield varied on average from 2.5% to 3.2% (15 month aged bulls) that depended on the breed: Kazakh White-headed ?3.2%, Hereford ?2.5%, and crossed bulls ? of 2.7%. However, in terms of flesh content, Kazakh White-headed bulls were 43.2 kg (22.5%, P?0.05) lighter than Hereford bulls, and crossbreed bulls were 8.1 kg (3.6%, P?0.05) lighter. In analyzing flesh yield, Kazakh White-headed bulls fell short by 2.4 kg (2.9%) compared to Hereford bulls, which were marginally lower by 0.1 kg (0.1%) compared to crossbreed bulls of the same age. The protein-fat ratio was determined to be 1:0.65 in Kazakh White-headed bulls and 1:0.64 in both Hereford and crossbreed bulls. Profitability was 22% for the Kazakh White-headed breed, 43% for the Hereford breed, and 39% for the crosses of the White-headed and Hereford breeds.
Anatomy and powder microscopy of Curcuma sumatrana Miq. (Zingiberaceae) RIVAL YUHENDRI; NURAINAS NURAINAS; TESRI MAIDELIZA; LINCE MERIKO; ALPONSIN ALPONSIN; IKARASTIKA RAHAYU ABDUL WAHAB
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260239

Abstract

Abstract. Yuhendri R, Nurainas, Maideliza T, Meriko L, Alponsin, Abdul Wahab IR. 2024. Anatomy and powder microscopy of Curcuma sumatrana Miq. (Zingiberaceae). Biodiversitas 25: 900-908. Curcuma sumatrana is a wild plant endemic to West Sumatra and is believed to possess various therapeutic values that are beneficial in treating multiple diseases. This research aimed to characterize the anatomy of leaves, roots, and rhizomes through permanent preparations and powder microscopy to contribute to its phytochemical analyses. Observations of anatomical characteristics were carried out using a light microscope and photographed using the DP2-BSW application. The anatomical study of the leaf revealed its upper and lower epidermis thickness to be 49.8 ?m and 31.7 ?m, respectively. Furthermore, its mesophile thickness was 48.9 ?m, and the leaf type was unifacial, containing prism-shaped crystals, and covered with non-glandular trichomes. Its trichome height was 146.3 ?m, aerchyma area was 198.1 ?m, and vessel area was 284 ?m. On the other hand, the anatomical structure of the root showed cortex thickness of 292.7 ?m, endodermis thickness of 5.9 ?m, xylem diameter of 34.7 ?m and pith thickness of 244.6 ?m. Meanwhile, the anatomical structure of the rhizome consisted of eccentric starch, sand-shaped crystals, cortex thickness of 957 ?m, and endodermis thickness of 7.37 ?m. The powder analyses of its leaf showed clear structure of the xylem, epidermis, stomata, and trichomes. In contrast, its root and rhizome showed eccentric starch, spiral-type xylem vessels, fiber, oil glands, and cortex. In conclusion, the anatomical characteristics of C. sumatrana do not show significant differences from other species in the Curcuma genus, except in terms of the color of the rhizome. The rhizome of C. sumatrana is pale purple, while C. longa has a deep yellow rhizome, C. aeruginosa has a blue rhizome, and C. heyneana has a light yellow rhizome.
Analysis of miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression as biomarkers in active lung tuberculosis and home contacts APRILIA PITUT SAVITRI; MUHAMMAD NASRUM MASSI; MOCHAMMAD HATTA; ARIF SANTOSO; MUHAMMAD FACHRI; IRAWATY DJAHARUDDIN; SITTI WAHYUNI; MUHAMMAD ILYAS; HARUN ISKANDAR; ILHAMJAYA PATELLONGI; IRDA HANDAYANI; ISRAINI WIYULANDA ISKANDAR; NAJDAH HIDAYAH; NIRMAWATI ANGRIA; HANDAYANI HALIK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260231

Abstract

Abstract. Savitri AP, Massi MN, Hatta M, Santoso A, Fachri M, Djaharuddin I, Wahyuni S, Ilyas M, Iskandar H, Pattelongi I, Handayani I, Iskandar IW, Hidayah N, Angria N, Halik H. 2025. Analysis of miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression as biomarkers in active lung tuberculosis and home contacts. Biodiversitas 26: 831-836. Considering the central role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in development and disease, researchers have proposed that specific circulating miRNAs affect the outcome of tuberculosis (TB) infection and that blood miRNA levels might reflect the course of the disease. This study analyzed the expression of miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p as potential biomarkers in patients with active TB and their household contacts (individuals with latent TB and healthy contacts). This study used a cross-sectional design and enrolled 20 people with active TB, 22 household contacts with positive interferon-gamma release assay results, and 22 healthy controls. miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression was examined using quantitative real-time PCR. miR-21-5p expression was more than 37-fold higher in patients with active TB than in healthy contacts. Meanwhile, miR-21-5p expression was approximately 15-fold higher in patients with active TB than in those with latent TB. miR-21-5p expression was 2.5-fold higher in patients with latent TB than in healthy contacts, whereas miR-144-5p expression was 35-fold higher in patients with active TB than in healthy contacts, and approximately 52-fold higher in patients with active TB than in contacts with latent TB. miR-144-5p expression in latent TB was approximately 1.5-fold higher in healthy contacts than in contacts with latent TB. Receiver operating characteristic analysis illustrated that miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p could distinguish latent TB from active TB with areas under the curve of 0.811 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.67-0.953) and 0.818 (95% CI = 0.689-0.947), respectively. miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression was elevated in active TB, highlighting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.
Begomovirus diversity and distribution on melon plants in Bali, Indonesia I GEDE RAI MAYA TEMAJA; I PUTU SUDIARTA; GUSTI NGURAH ALIT SUSANTA WIRYA; DEWA GEDE WIRYANGGA SELANGGA; LISTIHANI LISTIHANI; I GUSTI AGUNG AYU AMBARAWATI; NIKEN NUR KASIM; PUTU LASMI YULIANTI SAPANCA; NI PUTU PANDAWANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260206

Abstract

Abstract. Temaja IGRM, Sudiarta IP, Wirya GNAS, Selangga DGW, Listihani L, Ambarawati IGAA, Kasim NN, Sapanca PLY, Pandawani NP. 2024. Begomovirus diversity and distribution on melon plants in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 572-582. Melon crops in Bali, Indonesia often exhibit curling and yellowing symptoms in young plants, the cause of which remains unidentified. This research aimed to determine the presence of Begomovirus isolates from Bali and their distribution among melon plants. The research methods involved a comprehensive survey, meticulous sampling, precise virus detection with PCR, thorough sequencing analysis, and accurate calculation of viral disease incidence based on DNA sequencing results. Sampling and symptom observation were conducted in seven Bali regencies: Denpasar City, Gianyar, Badung, Tabanan, Buleleng, Jembrana, and Bangli. The PCR method with Begomovirus universal primers SPG1/SPG2 was used for virus identification, followed by nucleotide sequencing. The research identified three viruses infecting melon plants in Bali: Squash leaf curl virus (SLCuV), Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV), and Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCuPV). The highest disease incidence for SLCuV, SLCCNV, and SLCuPV was found in Denpasar, Buleleng, and Badung, at 40%, 30%, and 30%, respectively. SLCCNV has spread to seven regencies in Bali, namely Denpasar City, Gianyar, Tabanan, Buleleng, Bangli, and Jembrana. SLCuV has spread to six regencies in Bali, all except Badung Regency. SLCuPV was only found in Denpasar City, Badung, and Buleleng. The molecular characteristic of SLCuV Bali isolate has the closest nucleotide and amino acid homology with East Timor isolate (KY652743) which is 98.4% (99.0%), SLCCNV Bali isolate is closest with Malaysia isolate (EF197940) which is 98.8% (99.8%), and SLCuPV is closest with Taiwan isolate (JF746195) which was 98.8% (99.5%). The novelty of this research lies in the first report of SLCuPV infection in Curcubitaceae plants in Indonesia, a finding that could significantly impact our understanding of viral infections in crops.
Ecological design for the propagation of Sycanus dichotomus in insectariums for sustainable oil palm pest management SEPTA PRIMANANDA; SAMHARINTO SOEDIJO; AKHMAD GAZALI; NOOR AIDAWATI; CINDY DIAH AYU FITRIANA; SUKARMAN SUKARMAN; AGUS EKO PRASETYO; TJUT AHMAD PERDANA ROZZIANSHA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260209

Abstract

Abstract. Primananda S, Soedijo S, Gazali A, Aidawati N, Fitriana CDA, Sukarman, Prasetyo AE, Rozziansha TAP. 2025. Ecological design for the propagation of Sycanus dichotomus in insectariums for sustainable oil palm pest management. Biodiversitas 26: 617-627. The oil palm industry plays a substantial role in national and global economies, and sustainable agricultural practices are critical to its longevity including aspects related to pest management. This study aimed to identify effective methods for propagating the predatory insect Sycanus dichotomus as part of integrated pest management in oil palm plantations. The primary focus is on ecological design within the insectarium, selecting appropriate refugia plants, and determining the sex ratio to support an efficient predator population. The study was conducted at an oil palm plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, which serves as a natural ecosystem for S. dichotomus. A multifactorial experimental design was employed, combining variables such as insectarium type manifested as paranet density, adults sex ratio, and refugia plant type. The most optimal results for enhancing the productivity of the predator S. dichotomus were achieved using an insectarium with 100% sunlight intensity, a sex ratio of males to females of 2:4, and Cassia cobanensis as the host plant. The maturation rate from eggs to nymphs increased in an insectarium with 25% sunlight intensity and Antigonon leptopus as the host plant, resulting in high fertility and the presence of 1st, 3rd, and 5th instar nymphs. The interaction between egg groups and the total eggs was highly correlated (80%), and the development of instar 1 and instar 3 showed a fair correlation at 60%, indicating key relationships that support the predator's growth and reproduction under these conditions. Additionally, the study demonstrated that balancing sunlight exposure and selecting appropriate host plants significantly affect the development and reproductive success of S. dichotomus. This research highlights the importance of microclimatic conditions in the insectarium, refugia plants, and sex ratio as crucial factors for rearing S. dichotomus. It provides important insights for the propagation of predator techniques to support the sustainable oil palm industry. These findings underscore the importance of an integrated approach to pest management, ensuring long-term sustainability and economic viability in oil palm cultivation.
Bioactive compound profile of sun-dried cubeb (Piper cubeba) fruit extract RENDI FATHONI HADI; KUSTANTINAH KUSTANTINAH; MUHLISIN MUHLISIN; RONNY MARTIEN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260213

Abstract

Abstract. Hadi RF, Kustantinah, Muhlisin, Martien R. 2025. Bioactive compound profile of sun-dried cubeb (Piper cubeba) fruit extract. Biodiversitas 26: 662-669. Piper cubeba is a herbal plant that is commonly used to treat digestive and respiratory diseases because it has biological activity related to bioactive compounds. This study aimed to analyze the profile of bioactive compounds in cubeb fruit, focusing on tannins, phenols, and flavonoids. Tannins are a type of polyphenol with antioxidant properties, phenols are organic compounds with various biological activities, and flavonoids are a diverse group of phytonutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds were extracted using different solvents, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to profile them. The results indicate that 96% ethanol is more effective at extracting compounds compared to 70% ethanol and distilled water. The percentage yield of the sun-dried cubeb extract varies significantly with different solvents (P<0.05). Quantitative analysis of cubeb fruit extracts demonstrated that flavonoid content was highest with 96% ethanol (27.85±0.53 mg QE/g), followed by 70% ethanol (10.84±0.34 mg QE/g) and distilled water (2.39±0.03 mg QE/g). Total phenol content was also greatest with 96% ethanol (45.23±0.23 mg GAE/g), compared to 70% ethanol (36.04±0.33 mg GAE/g), and distilled water (12.60±0.42 mg GAE/g). For tannins, 96% ethanol yielded the highest concentration (27.85±0.25 mg TAE/g), with lower levels in distilled water (7.81±0.32 mg TAE/g) and 70% ethanol (6.56±0.07 mg TAE/g). These significant differences (P<0.05) highlight the potential of cubeb fruit as a valuable source of bioactive compounds, suggesting its suitability for functional food applications.
Diversity and spatial distribution of dragonflies (Odonata) at Soraya Research Station, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia SUWARNO SUWARNO; ARIFAH YASMIN SAIDI; YEKKI YASMIN; ZURIANA SIREGAR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260215

Abstract

Abstract. Suwarno, Saidi AY, Yasmin Y, Siregar Z. 2025. Diversity and spatial distribution of dragonflies (Odonata) at Soraya Research Station, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 681-689. Dragonflies (Odonata), a fascinating subject of study, are distributed from the tropics, subtropics to the temperate zones, and the type of habitat strongly influences their presence. This research, conducted from February to May 2021, holds substantial role as it aimed to investigate the dragonfly species in several habitats at the Soraya Research Station, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and analyze their diversity index values. Samples were meticulously collected in the forest, scrub, and river habitats, which collected data from February to March between 9:00 am to 3:00 pm. Three different location points for each habitat were selected with five transect lines, each 200 m long and 5 m wide. The results showed that, dragonflies mostly distributed in the river, while the fewest species were found in the forest habitat. The total in all habitats, Libellulidae dominated both the number of species (39.6%; 19 species) and the number of individuals (30.4%; 129 individuals). In the Zygoptera suborder, the majority of species were from Chorocyphidae and Coenogridae, about 12.5%, meanwhile the number of individuals was in Calopterygidae (18.63%; 79 individuals). The species of dragonflies were found generally belonging to the category of least concern, but one of them is classified as an endangered species called Rhinocypha orea. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H') value of dragonflies in the three habitats was included in the moderate category, underscoring the importance of our findings.
Isolation and characterization of acetic acid bacteria from pineapple peel fermentation (Ananas comosus) NATALIA SRI MARTANI; HANASIA HANASIA; OKTAVIANI NAULITA TURNIP; HANDAYANI HALIK; I GDE HARY EKA ADNYANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260227

Abstract

Abstract. Martani NS, Hanasia, Turnip ON, Halik H, Adnyana IGHE. 2025. Isolation and characterization of acetic acid bacteria from pineapple peel fermentation (Ananas comosus). Biodiversitas 26: 789-798. Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is rich in bioactive compounds and is often considered waste, especially its peel. The fermentation of pineapple peel can yield value-added goods, including probiotic drinks that promote digestive health. Acetic Acid Bacteria (AAB) are significant microorganisms in fermentation, converting ethanol into acetic acid, hence offering preservation advantages and probiotic qualities. This study aimed to isolate and characterize acetic acid bacteria from the fermentation of pineapple peel and evaluate its antibacterial properties. The fermentation occurred spontaneously without the use of a starting culture, utilizing three distinct formulas. On the third day of fermentation, the fermented liquid was extracted and characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The findings indicated that the identified AAB was Acetobacter fabarum strain 2567, exhibiting 97% homology. The antibacterial activity of A. fabarum filtrate at concentrations of 5-75% was tested against the pathogens Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae using the disk diffusion method; however, no antibacterial activity was observed against either pathogen. The study underscores the need for further research to evaluate the antibacterial potential of A. fabarum against other pathogens using methods such as micro-dilution or well diffusion, highlighting the urgency of this line of investigation.
Diversity and phenetic relationship of lichen genus Usnea in Cisanti Forest area, Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia JOKO KUSMORO; RAFLI RAIHAN; WAWAN HERMAWAN; RUSDI HASAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260207

Abstract

Abstract. Kusmoro J, Raihan R, Hermawan W, Hasan R. 2025. Diversity and phenetic relationship of lichen genus Usnea in Cisanti Forest area, Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 583-600. The Cisanti pine forest in Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia, is the area of an educational eco-agrotourism area and is a natural habitat for Usnea. However, there is no report yet about the richness of Usnea in this location that is important to provide information such as its biodiversity and chemical content beneficial resources. This study aimed to explore the diversity and analyze phenetic relationships of Usnea in the Cisanti forest area, based on morphological, anatomical, and chemical characters. The sampling method was carried out by exploring the forest area purposively on pine trees that Usnea grew. Usnea’s phenetic relationship was analyzed using the NTSYS version 2.01e software. The results showed 23 species of Usnea were found, namely U. angulata, U. baileyi, U. barbata, U. ceratina, U. chaetophora, U. cornuta, U. dasaea, U. diffracta, U. flammea, U. flavocardia, U. hirta, U. lapponica, U. maculata, U. mutabilis, U. pangiana, U. robusta, U. rubicunda, U. shimadae, U. sinensis, U. steineri, U. subcornuta, U. subflorida, and U. wasmuthii. Based on the 41 characters analyzed, in general Usnea divided into 3 clusters and cluster separation corresponds with subgenera, namely Usnea, Eumitria, and Dolichousnea. The closest relationship is between U. sinensis and U. maculata, and between U. barbata and U. lapponica by a similarity index of 0.814. The most distant relationship is between U. baileyi and U. barbata and between U. angulata and U. chaetophora, as well as U. subcornuta and U. pangiana by a similarity index of 0.616.

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