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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 42 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 27 no. 3 (2026)" : 42 Documents clear
Novel primers for mini-barcoding of seahorses for wildlife trade and seafood forensics ELAH MARIE M. SALAMIDA; SHARON ROSE M. TABUGO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270335

Abstract

Abstract. Salamida EMM, Tabugo SRM. 2026. Novel primers for mini-barcoding of seahorses for wildlife trade and seafood forensics. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270335. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270335. Seahorses are charismatic fish facing increasing threats from habitat loss and the illegal wildlife trade. They are targeted and trafficked in the global market, further threatening their status. The high levels of both interspecific and intraspecific variability are also affecting the accuracy of species definition. Thus, this study developed a systematic pipeline for designing DNA mini-barcode primers using accessible software and integrated bioinformatics tools to enhance the detection of vulnerable seahorse species in wildlife trade and seafood forensics. The overarching goal is to support conservation efforts and promote the sustainable use of marine resources. DNA mini-barcodes, short sequences under 200 bp, show promise and can be useful for identifying species from degraded or processed samples. In this study, cytochrome b gene sequences—known for combining conserved and variable regions—were the basis for designing species-specific mini-barcode primers. These primers were tailored to improve molecular identification from low-quality seahorse samples, such as dried or frozen specimens commonly encountered in trade. Novel primers were initially evaluated using in silico Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), yielding four top-performing primer sets, which were subsequently validated by actual PCR. A total of nine Hippocampus spp. samples (four dried, five frozen) were used to test primer efficacy. PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis results confirmed that all primer sets successfully amplified DNA and produced good-quality PCR products. Sequencing data revealed accurate base-calling, with high percentage identity matches to reference sequences. These novel primers show potential for species identification in seahorse monitoring and enforcement contexts.
Species composition and medicinal uses of mangrove plants in Southwest Aceh, Indonesia WINTAH WINTAH; MOH. HUSEIN SASTRANEGARA; KISWANTO KISWANTO; ALIN FITHOR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270321

Abstract

Abstract. Wintah, Sastranegara MH, Kiswanto, Fithor A. 2026. Species composition and medicinal uses of mangrove plants in Southwest Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270321. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270321. Mangrove ecosystems are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, serving ecological, economic, and cultural functions. Mangroves play an important role in maintaining the biological integrity and resources of marine ecosystems. The village of Tadu Raya Sub-district, Nagan Raya District of South West Aceh has a mangrove forest covering 50 ha. The potential of the mangrove forest in this area is enormous, including medicinal plants. This study aims to identify plants with potential as medicines. The study used a survey method, with sampling conducted at three stations with transects perpendicular to the coast at fixed intervals. Vegetation sampling was conducted randomly at each station and repeated three times in 10 x 10 m plots for trees, 5 x 5 m plots for saplings, and 1 x 1 m plots for seedlings. Information on the use of mangroves through investigations of local communities and a review of the scientific literature. The study found nine medicinal plant species, including trees and undergrowth plants: Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The local community uses these species as medicine for thrush, toothache, wounds, diarrhea, stomach ache, abdominal pain, bruises, chickenpox, fever, itching, and cough. The highest species importance value (IVI) at Station 1 (ST1) was R. apiculata (54.9%) with relative density (16.67%), relative frequency (18.75%), and relative dominance (19.53%). The highest species importance value (IVI) at Station 2 (ST2) was R. apiculata (56.66%), with relative density (20%), relative frequency (20%), and relative dominance (14.08%). Station 3 (ST3) had the highest species importance value (IVI) of R. mucronata (57.4%) with relative density (20%), relative frequency (20%), and relative dominance (17.35%).
Fermented tofu dregs as a waste-derived biological feed resource for Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) ASNAWI ASNAWI; DWI KUSUMA PURNAMASARI; VIDIA JUNIA AYU NINGGRUM; ADE YOGA PRATAMA; MUHAMMAD RIZQI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270314

Abstract

Abstract. Asnawi, Purnamasari DK, Ninggrum VJA, Pratama AY, Rizqi M. 2026. Fermented tofu dregs as a waste-derived biological feed resource for Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270314. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270314. Tofu dregs, a protein- and mineral-rich by-product of tofu production, remain underutilized in duck feed due to high fiber content, anti-nutritional factors, and variable moisture that limit their direct inclusion in practical diets. This study evaluated the effects of EM4-based solid-state fermentation on the nutritional quality of tofu dregs and assessed the performance of Pekin ducks fed diets in which commercial feed was partially replaced with fermented tofu dregs. Fermentation improved the nutritional profile of tofu dregs by increasing crude protein, total fat, selected essential and non-essential amino acids, and several macro- and micro-minerals, while reducing crude fiber, moisture, and ash contents. Feeding trials were conducted using 100 Pekin ducks allocated to four dietary treatments containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% fermented tofu dregs in isoenergetic and isonitrogenous rations. Increasing inclusion of fermented tofu dregs up to 30% did not significantly affect final body weight, body weight gain, or feed conversion ratio, although feed intake increased at higher inclusion levels. These findings demonstrate that EM4-fermented tofu dregs can be utilized as a sustainable waste-derived feed resource to partially replace commercial feed in Pekin duck diets without compromising growth performance. Integrating fermented tofu dregs into duck feeding strategies offers a practical approach to valorize tofu processing waste, reduce reliance on conventional feed ingredients, and support more circular and environmentally friendly duck production systems in regions where tofu dregs are abundantly available.
Mangrove restoration priorities across coastal landscape typologies ASWIN RAHADIAN; LILIK BUDI PRASETYO; YUDI SETIAWAN; CECEP KUSMANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270305

Abstract

Abstract. Rahadian A, Prasetyo LB, Setiawan Y, Kusmana C. 2026. Mangrove restoration priorities across coastal landscape typologies. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270305. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270305. Mangrove restoration in Indonesia is a new episode and a milestone paradigm in the management of natural resources and the coastal environment after the era of timber extraction. It is crucial for advancing biodiversity conservation, strengthening climate change mitigation, and refining future restoration practices from conceptual, technical, and methodological perspectives. This study aims to develop restoration approaches implemented in Indonesia and to propose an integrated framework based on landscape typology. Mangrove restoration approaches were identified through a comprehensive literature review and a priority assessment using the PROMETHEE method across landscape typologies, based on sustainability indicators derived from stakeholder interviews. We integrate our PROMETHEE results with a geospatial approach to produce a spatially explicit priority map. Various mangrove restoration approaches applied in Indonesia have demonstrated both strengths and limitations. Despite their partial nature, they are evidence-based and have been tested across diverse locations. The results of the study revealed that, in deltas and estuaries, protection approaches prioritize natural regeneration; on the open coast, ecological engineering is prioritized; in the backward zone, intensive planting is prioritized; and, in addition to intact mangroves, priority protection with species enrichment is prioritized. Compared to the partial approach, integrating mangrove restoration with landscape typologies will maximize ecological success and long-term socio-economic sustainability.
Cytotoxicity of Acanthus ilicifolius root endophytes based on acid-induced enhancement and metabolites of Penicillium javanicum ERNY QUROTUL AINY; KHOLIS A. AUDAH; MARSELINA I. TAN; I NYOMAN P. ARYANTHA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270322

Abstract

Abstract. Ainy EQ, Audah KA, Tan MI, Aryantha INP. 2026. Cytotoxicity of Acanthus ilicifolius root endophytes based on acid-induced enhancement and metabolites of Penicillium javanicum. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270322. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270322. Mangrove ecosystems are characterized by extreme environmental fluctuations, driving associated endophytic fungi to evolve adaptive metabolic strategies. These microbial communities represent an untapped reservoir of chemical diversity, yet their metabolic response to abiotic stressors, such as acidity, remains underexplored. This study investigates the ecological and chemical plasticity of endophytic fungi isolated from Acanthus ilicifolius roots. Using a stress-driven culture approach, we evaluated the effect of acidic fermentation on the metabolic profiles and cytotoxic potential of bioactive isolates. Among the screened strains, Penicillium javanicum 2RA6 exhibited a distinct physiological response to acidic stress. While neutral conditions favored vegetative growth, acidic fermentation triggered a fundamental metabolic reprogramming, shifting the biosynthetic output from constitutive polyketides to a specialized stress ‘portfolio’. Comparative metabolomics revealed the enrichment of diverse fatty acid amides (including putative 9-oxo-(10E, 12E)-Octadecadienoic Acid (9-oxo-ODA), α-Eleostearic Acid (α-EA), and Palmitoyl Ethanolamide (PEA)) and diketopiperazines. This chemical reorganization correlated with a marked increase in specific cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, mediated primarily through apoptosis-like pathways. These findings suggest that mimicking environmental stressors is a viable strategy to unlock cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters. This study highlights the importance of mangrove habitats as reservoirs of metabolic diversity and demonstrates that acid-enhanced cultivation can access bioactive fungal metabolites typically overlooked in standard fermentations.
Environmental parameters and growth of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in Aceh, Indonesia MAWARDI MAWARDI; TRI MUSTIKA SARJANI; MUHAMMAD KHALIL; ANITA RASUNA SARI SIREGAR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270307

Abstract

Abstract. Mawardi, Sarjani TM, Khalil M, Siregar ARS. 2026. Environmental parameters and growth of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270307. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270307. This study evaluated the growth performance of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa and the environmental parameters influencing it in two mangrove-fringing coastal waters in Aceh, Indonesia. A randomized block design was used with three stocking densities (20, 40, and 60 individuals per cage) at Pusong and Lhok Banie. Water quality variables—including temperature, salinity, pH, organic matter, and sediment characteristics—were measured throughout the culture period. Growth parameters (shell length, width, and weight) and environmental factors (sediment type, salinity, and plankton abundance) were monitored for six months. Data were analyzed using Specific Growth Rate (SGR), ANOVA, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results showed that growth in length ranged from 3.07-8.00 mm, width from 2.48-5.45 mm, and weight from 2.63-5.60 g. The highest growth was recorded at Pusong (P1, 20 individuals/cage), while the lowest was at Lhok Banie (LB3, 60 individuals/cage). The SGR ranged from 0.18-0.30 g. PCA indicated that sediment composition dominated by clay and clayey loam, together with salinity of 24-28‰, had the strongest positive relationship with cockle growth. Overall, the findings demonstrate that T. granosa grows better in areas with higher salinity and organic-rich sediments, and that a stocking density of 20 individuals per cage yields the most favorable growth performance. These results provide baseline information for improving community-based blood cockle aquaculture and support the development of sustainable mangrove-associated coastal farming systems in Aceh.
Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from root of Paphiopedilum javanicum ARI PITOYO; SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN; ARTINI PANGASTUTI; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270304

Abstract

Abstract. Pitoyo A, Solichatun, Pangastuti A, Sugiyarto. 2026. Diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from root of Paphiopedilum javanicum. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270304. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270304. Understanding the intimate relationship between orchids and their fungal communities is essential for effective conservation. To address this, we investigated the root anatomy and fungal associates of Paphiopedilum javanicum, an endangered slipper orchid native to Java. Root samples comprising 75 segments collected from five montane habitats were examined microscopically and subjected to fungal isolation. The recovered isolates were identified through ITS sequencing, and their taxonomic placement was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using the Neighbor-Joining method. Microscopy revealed peloton structures in cortical cells, with colonization levels varying among roots and tending to be patchy rather than systemic. Direct peloton isolation yielded no viable fungi, while root-segment and seed-baiting methods successfully isolated 23 fungi. ITS analyses revealed that most isolates belonged to Ascomycota (15 species in 10 genera), including Fusarium, Xylaria, and Nigrospora. Basidiomycota represented 7 species in 6 genera, among them two Ceratobasidium isolates recognized as orchid mycorrhizal fungi, along with lignicolous taxa such as Phanerochaete, Schizophyllum, Cubamyces, and Polyporus. A single Mucoromycota isolate (Umbelopsis) was also identified. These findings demonstrate that P. javanicum roots host a taxonomically diverse fungal assemblage comprising both putative mycorrhizal symbionts and a broad suite of opportunistic endophytes and saprotrophs. The coexistence of these guilds suggests ecological flexibility in fungal associations. This study provides the first integrated anatomical and molecular characterization of root-associated fungi in P. javanicum from Indonesia and establishes baseline data to inform symbiotic propagation and conservation strategies.
Integrated assessment of seed desiccation, storage, and viability of Grammatophyllum speciosum for ex-situ conservation DWI MURTI PUSPITANINGTYAS; SURYA DIANTINA; RATNA YUNIATI; ELIZABETH HANDINI; POPI APRILIANTI; RETNO LESTARI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270323

Abstract

Abstract. Puspitaningtyas DM, Diantina S, Yuniati R, Handini E, Aprilianti P, Lestari R. 2026. Integrated assessment of seed desiccation, storage, and viability of Grammatophyllum speciosum for ex-situ conservation. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270323. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270323. Orchid seed banking is recognized as an efficient ex-situ conservation strategy. However, standardized protocols for seed drying, storage, and viability assessment are still lacking for many tropical species. This study evaluated the effects of desiccation duration, frozen storage at -20°C, and tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining to develop a practical conservation protocol for Grammatophyllum speciosum. Fresh seeds were dried over silica gel for 3-9 days and germinated asymbiotically on several basal media. Seed viability after one year of storage was assessed using eight TTC pre-treatments that combined NaOCl scarification, sucrose pre-conditioning, and two TTC concentrations. Germination was significantly influenced by drying duration, and a significant interaction between medium and drying period was detected (ANOVA, p<0.01). The highest germination (74.82%±6.01) was obtained after three days of drying on Vacin & Went (VW) medium, whereas prolonged drying (6-9 days) reduced germination to 55-65%. After one year of storage at -20°C, seeds retained high viability (71.87-72.98%), with no significant decline compared to fresh seeds, indicating tolerance to both desiccation and subzero conditions. TTC-based viability assessment revealed significant differences among pre-treatments (ANOVA, p<0.001). Combined NaOCl scarification and sucrose pre-conditioning improved staining clarity, producing the highest viability values (up to 73.57%±5.16). No significant difference was observed between 0.1% and 1% TTC concentrations, demonstrating that the lower concentration was sufficient for reliable viability estimation. TTC-based viability closely matched germination results, indicating the consistency of direct and indirect assessment methods. Overall, short-term desiccation (3 days), storage at -20°C, and optimized TTC pre-treatment provide a scalable and resource-efficient strategy for orchid seed banking. This protocol supports the long-term preservation of genetic diversity and contributes to conservation management of threatened epiphytic orchids.
Distribution and environment-rhodomyrtone of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in Peninsular Thailand NUTCHANART KONGCHUAY; JUTARUT IEWKITTAYAKORN; AUNKAMOL KUMNGEN; SUPAYANG P. VORAVUTHIKUNCHAI; SARA BUMRUNGSRI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270312

Abstract

Abstract. Kongchuay N, Iewkittayakorn J, Kumngen A, Voravuthikunchai SP, Bumrungsri S. 2026. Distribution and environment-rhodomyrtone relationship of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in Peninsular Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270312. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270312. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant that yields the antibiotic compound rhodomyrtone. It has been depleted due to changes in land use, therefore, the ecological requirements of the species in its natural habitats need to be investigated to advance its commercial cultivation. This study aimed to explore environmental and soil physicochemical factors affecting the rhodomyrtone content present in R. tomentosa leaves. Soil texture and soil chemical properties were examined. Leaves were extracted and rhodomyrtone content was quantified.  R. tomentosa was found in 54 sites in peninsular Thailand and mostly found in open areas, in acidic soil (pH 4.31-6.36) at low elevation (4-129.5 m asl). The results showed that the species is found in poor soil with very low nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents. R. tomentosa predominantly grows in sandy soil containing fine to coarse sand (125-500 µm). No significant correlation was observed between rhodomyrtone content and soil pH, % organic matter, N, P, or K. In contrast, rhodomyrtone content positively correlates with percent shade cover. Further experimental study is needed to confirm this observation. For commercial cultivation, this shrub should be planted in lowland, sandy, nutrient-poor soil of low pH, and under light shade to promote rhodomyrtone production.
Balinese Usada as a biocultural knowledge system revealed through the chemodiversity of two Ocimum species I NYOMAN ARSANA; PUTU LAKUSTINI CAHYANINGRUM; ANAK AGUNG AYU SAUCA SUNIA WIDYANTARI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270337

Abstract

Abstract. Arsana IN, Cahyaningrum PL, Widyantari AAASS. 2026. Balinese Usada as a biocultural knowledge system revealed through the chemodiversity of two Ocimum species. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270337. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270337. Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum are widely used in the Balinese Usada, a biocultural knowledge system that integrates plant diversity and culturally transmitted medical practices. However, systematic documentation linking comparative phytochemical diversity with functional differentiation between Ocimum species within this context remains limited. This study aims to compare the phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum to elucidate species-level differentiation as a character of biocultural biodiversity. The research procedure began with the process of extracting separately the leaves of O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum using ethanol, methanol, and hexane solvents. The active compounds were analyzed with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenols and tannins were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total flavonoids using quercetin. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antibacterial activity was tested using the diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar media, with four types of bacteria: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The results revealed that clear interspecific phytochemical differentiation of O. gratissimum was characterized by a predominance of phenylpropanoids, particularly eugenol, whereas O. tenuiflorum was dominated by methyleugenol and sesquiterpenes such as caryophyllene. These chemical differences were accompanied by distinct functional responses, with O. gratissimum exhibiting better antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ 43.92±0.03 μg/mL) compared to O. tenuiflorum (IC₅₀ 79.45±0.01 μg/mL). Both species exhibited differently antibacterial inhibition patterns against the tested bacteria, indicating species-specific functional traits rather than bioactivity. Overall, this study demonstrates that interspecific chemodiversity in Ocimum reflects species-level differentiation within the Balinese Usada system. Integrating comparative phytochemical and functional analyses within a biocultural framework, the findings contribute to biodiversity science by highlighting chemical variation as a functional character of biocultural biodiversity.

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