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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL)
Published by Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
ISSN : 23019468     EISSN : 25026747     DOI : -
Core Subject : Education,
Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media
A Journal of First and Second Language Teaching and Learning
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 10 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011" : 10 Documents clear
Pragmatic Competence in the Spoken English Classroom Krisnawati, Ekaning
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.102

Abstract

Abstract: Learners’ ability in carrying out communicative activities is highly demanded in the spoken English classroom. This paper discusses some aspects that should be taken into account when conducting a spoken English class in relation to raising pragmatic awareness through the inclusion of pragmatic instruction in the classroom. Some theoretical reviews for the inclusion of pragmatic instruction are also discussed. Through the inclusion of instruction in pragmatics in the spoken English classroom, learners are expected to develop their pragmatic competence and, therefore, are able to communicate naturally despite the fact that the full range of interactions with native speakers is limited.   Key words: communicative activity, pragmatic instruction, pragmatic competence
DYNAMICITY OF INTERLANGUAGE ERRORS: A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIAN STUDENTS LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Fauziati, Endang
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.97

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Interlanguage errors are an inevitable sign of human fallibility; therefore, they always exist in foreign language learning. They are very significant since they become the source for studying the system of the learners’ second language (interlanguage). As a language system, interlanguage has at least three prominent characteristics, namely, systematicity, permeability, and fossilization. Applied linguistic researchers are no longer in disagreement with the view that interlanguage is systematic and permeable. However, the premise that interlanguage is fossilized is still debatable. This study deals with interlanguage errors; in particular, this tries to investigate whether the learners’ grammatical errors are fossilized (in a sense that they are dynamic) or static. For this purpose, an empirical study was conducted, using an error treatment method. This study used Indonesian senior high school students learning English as the research subjects. The data were collected from the students’ free compositions written prior and after an error treatment. The error treatment was carried out for one semester. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative method. The result indicates that the learners’ grammatical errors were dynamic. At a certain period of the learning course, some grammatical errors emerged. As a result of the error treatment, some errors were fluctuating; some became stabilized; while others were destabilized. The fluctuating errors tended to be destabilized while the stabilized errors were also likely to be destabilized. Error treatment was proved to have significant contribution to the destabilization process; that is to say, it helped develop the learners’ IL system. A conclusion drawn from this study is that the learners’ grammatical errors are dynamic. They are destabilzable. Thus, there is a possibility for the learners to acquire complete target language grammar. Key Words: error treatment, stabilization, fossilization, dynamicity, interlanguage
TEACHERS’ AND LEARNERS PERCEPTIONS OF LANGUAGE TEACHING STRATEGIES IN MULTI CHANNEL LEARNING SYSTEM Karjo, Clara Herlina
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.103

Abstract

Abstract: In learning a foreign language, learners usually apply certain learning strategies. Similarly, in teaching a foreign language, especially English, teachers also need teaching strategies. Issues related to learners’ learning strategies have been discussed over the years; however, issues related to teachers’ teaching strategies have not been researched thoroughly. Effective teaching strategies are particularly important for teachers who are teaching big classes in multi channel learning system as applied in Bina Nusantara University. This study had two aims: first, to investigate the teachingstrategies employed by Binus English teachers and second, to find out the intersection between teachers and students regarding the teaching strategies employed in the classroom. Using questionnaires for teachers and students, this study examined the frequency of strategy used by students and teachers. The results showed that teachers and students had different perceptions on the strategies/activities that occurred in the classroom. The implications of these results for the teaching/learning situation are discussed.Keywords: multi channel learning, teaching strategies, perception, teachers, students
UNDERSTANDING TENOR IN SPOKEN TEXTS IN YEAR XII ENGLISH TEXTBOOK TO IMPROVE THE APPROPRIACY OF THE TEXTS Meristiani, Noeris
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.98

Abstract

ABSTRACT: The goal of English Language Teaching is communicative competence. To reach this goal students should be supplied with good model texts. These texts should consider the appropriacy of language use. By analyzing the context of situation which is focused on tenor the meanings constructed to build the relationships among the interactants in spoken texts can be unfolded. This study aims at investigating the interpersonal relations (tenor) of the interactants in the conversation texts as well as the appropriacy of their realization in the given contexts. The study was conducted under discourse analysis by applying a descriptive qualitative method. There were eight conversation texts which function as examples in five chapters of a textbook. The data were analyzed by using lexicogrammatical analysis, described, and interpreted contextually. Then, the realization of the tenor of the texts was further analyzed in terms of appropriacy to suggest improvement. The results of the study show that the tenor indicates relationships between friend-friend, student-student, questioners-respondents, mother-son, and teacher-student; the power is equal and unequal; the social distances show frequent contact, relatively frequent contact, relatively low contact, high and low affective involvement, using informal, relatively informal, relatively formal, and formal language. There are also some indications of inappropriacy of tenor realization in all texts. It should be improved in the use of degree of formality, the realization of societal roles, status, and affective involvement. Keywords: context of situation, tenor, appropriacy.
A Reflection on Teacher Questioning Types Roostini, Kasih Elisabeth
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.96

Abstract

Abstract This small-scale research is expected to serve as a reflective means for teachers so that they can explore their questioning types in their own classroom. It analyzed questioning types used by three teachers of general English classes. The questioning types were classified based on three dimensions—purpose, form, and function. The purpose-based questioning types, based on Long and Sato’s findings (1983), were classified into two: referential and display. The form-based questioning types, based on the classification of question types by Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999) and Biber et al. (1999), were classified into four major types: yes/no-questions, wh-questions, tag questions, and alternative questions. The function-based questioning types, based on Long and Sato’s findings (1983), were classified into three sub-types: comprehension checks, confirmation checks, and clarification requests.           The data, obtained from three recorded class meetings, were transcribed and analyzed to see what questioning types each teacher employed and to obtain the number and percentage distribution of questioning types each teacher used. The results showed that referential questions were more frequently used than display questions at higher levels. There were a substantial number of incomplete questions, a form-based questioning type that did not belong to the classification of form-based questioning types employed in this study. The predominant use of incomplete questions in a communicative classroom should be reviewed as this questioning type required accuracy, rather than promoting language practice. The third type, the function-based questioning types, did not occur frequently at all the three stages. This study suggests that teachers use incomplete questions less frequently and try to use other form-based questioning types. It also encourages teachers to reflect on their own teaching and pursue their professional development.   Keywords: teacher reflection, questioning types, teacher questions
THE EFFECTS OF “ONE STAYS THE REST STRAY” AND “LOCKSTEP” TECHNIQUES ON THE ENHANCEMENT OF STUDENTS’READING ACHIEVEMENTS Surjosuseno, Tjahjaning Tingastuti
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.104

Abstract

Abstract: This research was based on students? need in preliminary research which stated that most students (87%) need a new strategy in teaching and not all students have good achievements in reading texts (37.14%) in EFL classes. The writer used two-group, quasi-experimental, post test only design to investigate two techniques, i.e. ?one stays the rest stray? and ?lockstep? techniques, to increase students? achievements in EFL reading. Participants in this study included 61 college students who were taken as two intact groups. The result of statistical computations showed that the reading achievements of the experimental group increased and was significantly different from those of the control group. These students were able to have various competencies which might help keep students working on task, speaking orally, recalling the knowledge, summarizing the passage, and comprehending the text well andhappily.Keywords: one stays the rest stray technique, lockstep technique, reading achievement, positive interdependence, individual accountability and interpersonal skills.
DEVELOPING an ENGLISH PERFORMANCE TEST for INCOMING INDONESIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS Wullur, Bill Glenny
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.99

Abstract

Abstracts This study constructed, developed and validated an English Performance test as a complementary to an existing placement test in Universitas Klabat, Manado, Indonesia.  It is designed to provide a valid criterion-based measurement within the placement programs of the said university. The study aimed to answer the following questions: (1) What test tasks and items are needed in a performance test based on current language testing theory? (2) Is the performance test valid? (3) Is the scoring of the performance test reliable? (4) Is the performance test practical and predictive? And (5) What are the ratings of the resultant performance test? The steps in developing a performance test involved conducting needs analysis, establishing attributes of good performance test, and constructing test specification based on current language testing theory.  The speech event chosen which would generate language use was applying for financial assistance.  From this speech event, four activities were elicited: (1) writing a letter of inquiry, (2) completing an application form, (3) making an appointment for interview, (4) giving an oral presentation/interview.  These activities represent the four authentic tasks in which the desirable modes/channel of communication, language functions and skills, genre, and topic are integrated. The developed test is divided into four sections corresponding with the elicited tasks: (1) Formal letter, (2) Application form, (3) Making Appointment, and (4) Oral Presentation. The test was validated in several ways: (1) face validation compared the scores of Indonesian studying in the Philippines and in Indonesia, and found that the scores are highly correlated at Spearman ρ = .85.  (2) The content validation relied on the evaluation of expert informants.  The finding shows that the content coverage and relevance of the test is highly satisfactory. (3) The concurrent validation was conducted to the existing placement test and found that the two tests are highly correlated at .964 using gamma test.  (4) The construct validation was conducted in two ways: item analysis for objective section of the test, and Rasch Analysis for subjective section.  The item analysis found that only three items are “fair”, while the remaining are either “good” or “very good”.  Rasch Analysis found that the raters could interpret the rating system and that the test is well fit and accurate.  In general, the proposed performance test is valid. The reliability of the test was established using the internal consistency index.  The findings revealed that all sections of the test are highly consistent at Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance of .927.  The correlation between sections to overall scores was also calculated, and found that each section is highly correlated at.942 (Formal Letter), .934 (Application Form), .917 (Making Appointment) and .862 (Oral Presentation) using Kendall’s tau-b test. The practicality of the test was established by analyzing the percentage distribution of score of the pilot tests and field test.  The findings showed that the scores are well distributed in all four levels, and a pattern of distribution exists at Spearman’s ρ .85 correlation coefficient.  Therefore, the rating system is found practical and predictive. The output of the study is a resultant and valid English Performance Test for Incoming Indonesian College Students.  The test is named:  Academic English Performance Test or ACCEPT.
Cognitive Style and EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension Ability Yousefi, Mandana
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.100

Abstract

Abstract     The current study aimed to investigate whether, and to what extent, there is a relationship between field independence / dependence cognitive styles and Iranian EFL learners' listening comprehension ability. For this purpose, a sample population of 131 Subjects was randomly selected.  A battery of tests including: a) the Group Embedded Figures Test (1971), b) the TOFEL listening test (1995), c) the listening task preference questionnaire, and d) the Michigan ECPE test (1996) were administered. The data analysis showed that the correlation between the TOFEL and the GEFT scores for FD learners (both males and females) was significant(r =0.70), and higher scores on the GEFT led to an increase in the FD learners TOFEL scores. Conducting one-way and two-way ANOVAs, it was suggested that while there was a relationship between cognitive style and listening comprehension (F= 18.02) and also no relationship between sex and listening comprehension (F=0.267), the interactional effect was significant (f = 7.03). Therefore, sex can be regarded as a source of performance difference in listening comprehension but not by itself and it seems that the interaction of sex and cognitive style can have a stronger effect on this skill. Regarding the learners’ preference toward the different parts of the TOEFL listening section, most  learners favored the short conversations, informal assessment, and one item/one conversation, however, the FI ones did better on the longer conversations of the second and the third parts of the TOEFL listening test. Keywords: Cognitive style, Field dependence, Field independence, Listening comprehension.
READING HABITS AND PREFERENCES OF EFL POST GRADUATES: A CASE STUDY Mohd. Noor, Noorizah
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.95

Abstract

In recent years, more emphasis has been given on the role of the learner in the language learning process considering that language learning is primarily a learner’s oriented activity. Thus, learners’ needs and interests should be taken into consideration for effective language learning and teaching to take place. One significant area where learners’ preferences influence their learning can be seen in reading. In any academic or higher learning context, reading is perceived as the most prominent academic language skill for all second and foreign language learners. It is through reading that these learners learn new information and become able to synthesize, evaluate and interpret in order to learn more about their subject matter. Pursuing a postgraduate study requires extensive reading practices which will enable the learners to extend their literacy development.  The present study examines the reading habits and preferences of a group of EFL graduate students. Data was collected through a questionnaire and analysed quantitatively. The findings will report on: i) the types of reading materials preferred ii) reasons for reading and iii) the preferred language for reading. To conclude, the paper will further discuss the implications of the findings in terms of instructional materials development within an EFL context. Key words: EFL learners, reading habits, reading preferences, reading behaviour
Visible Boys, Invisible Girls: The Representation of Gender in Learn English with Tito (A Critical Discourse Analysis of English Language Textbooks for Primary School) Antiksari, Nadia Tiara
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Volume 1 No. 1 July 2011
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v1i1.101

Abstract

ABSTRACT: This study, entitled “Visible Boys, Invisible Girls: The Representation of Gender in Learn English with Tito (A Critical Discourse Analysis of English Language Textbooks for Primary School)”, is aimed at revealing the representation of gender in a series of Indonesian primary school English textbooks which are published by PT. Mutiara Permata Bangsa, Yogyakarta in 2007. The study is also aimed at gaining information about the editor’s perspective upon the issue and investigating the underlying ideology behind the representation. This research employs the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The main data are six textbooks for primary school. This study also conduts an inteview with the book editor. The text analysis utilizes transitivity system of Halliday which focuses on investigating Participants, Processes, and Circumstances of a clause. It is supported by lexical choise analysis of the text and a qualitative analysis of the interview. The findings show that the books favor males than females. Male characters are more visible in that they occur dominantly and they appear to hold more important roles of Participant. In terms of Gender stereotyping, males are perpetually associated with a more well-paid jobs i.e. ‘doctor’ and ‘pilot’ for male characters and ‘teacher’ for females’. Meanwhile, females are more likely valued by their physical appearance and personality i.e. ‘slim’, ‘fair-skinned’, ‘beautiful’, ‘kind’, and diligent’. At the end of the research,  the editor admitted the lack of concern on the issue of gender in composing her textbooks. These seem to indicate male domination as the underlying ideology behind the representation.  

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