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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 30 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]" : 30 Documents clear
ADSORPTION OF METHYL VIOLET DYE BY THERMALLY MODIFIED CEIBA PENTANDRA SAWDUST
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.12126

Abstract

The disposal of synthetic dyes into the environment is an important source of water pollution. Methyl violet, a typical cationic dye has been widely applied in industries, including textile industries.The dye causes the bad effect to the aquatic life because these compounds are quite stable and have low biodegradability. It presents an aesthetic problem and reduces photosynthetic activity. In this study, modified ceiba pentandra sawdust has been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet dye from aqueous solutions. The modification has been carried out using heating treatment at 110oC and 200oC for one hour. The FTIR spectra of raw and modified Ceiba pentandra sawdust were recorded using an FTIR technique (Perkin Elmer, USA) by the KBr pellet method. The spectrum was scanned in the range of 400 to 4000 cm-1 wavenumbers. The photomicrography of the exterior surface of raw and modified ceiba pentandra sawdust was obtained by SEM (JEOL, Japan). Batch studies were performed to address various experimental parameters including pH, contact time, and initial concentration for the removal of this dye. The results show that heating treatment increases the amount of methyl violet adsorbed. Effective pH for methyl violet adsorption was 7. A greater percentage of dye was removed with a decrease in the initial concentration of dye. Quasi-equilibrium reached in 30 min. Equilibrium isotherms were analysed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. Freundlich equation is found to best represent the equilibrium data for methyl violet-modified kapok sawdust system. 
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL AND ALKALI HYDROTHERMAL PRETREATMENT IN IMPROVING ENZYME SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9910

Abstract

Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) obtained after juice extraction is a potential feedstock for fermentable sugars production that can be further fermented to different kinds of products, such as ethanol or lactic acid. The proper particle size resulted from phsyical pretreatment and different pretreatment processes including water, alkali, hydrothermal, and alkali hydrothermal for improving enzyme susceptibility of SSB have been investigated. After grinding to particle sizes of 250 μm, 250-420 μm, and, 420 μm the sweet sorghum bagasse was washed to eliminate residual soluble sugars present in the bagasse. Dosages of cellulase enzyme used in saccharification were 60 and 100 FPU/g substrate, respectively. The results showed that SSB with particle sizes of 250-420 μm had the highest cellulose (38.33%) and hemicellulose content (31.80%). Although the yield of reducing sugar of 250-420 μm size particles was lower than that of smaller particle (250 μm), the former was more economical in the energy consumption for milling process. The yields of reducing sugar obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali hydrothermal pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse were 1.5 and 0.5 times higher than that from untreated sweet sorghum bagasse at enzyme loading of 100 and 60 FPU/g substrate, respectively. Furthermore, alkali hydrothermal pretreatment was able to remove as much as 85% of lignin. Morphological analysis using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) showed that samples treated with alkali hydrothermal have more pores and distorted bundles than that of untreated sweet sorghum bagasse. Meanwhile, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis showed that pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity and smaller crystallite size than untreated sweet sorghum bagasse, which might be due to removal of amorphous lignin components.
COMPARISON OF KINETIC MODELS FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM RICE STRAW
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9325

Abstract

The rising of global energy demand has led to an energy crisis, especially fossil energy. The development of renewable energies is needed to overcome the energy crisis. Biogas is one of renewable energies (biofuels) which is developed to minimize the dependency on fossil fuels. Biogas can be derived from agricultural wastes such as rice straw. The aim of this research was to compare the kinetic models of biogas production form rice straw using the linear and exponential equations models. This research was conducted at the total solid (TS) content of 20%, 22% and 24%. The result showed that the exponential equation had a better correlation than the linear equation on the ascending period of biogas production, while linear equation was better than exponential equation during descending period.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE EDIBLE FILM BASED ON LOW PECTIN METHOXYL WITH GLYCEROL AND SORBITOL PLASTICIZERS
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9707

Abstract

This study aims to compare the characteristics of mechanical and water vapor permeability of edible film based on low pectin methoxyl from cocoa skin with glycerol and sorbitol as plasticizer. In the research also added CaCO3 filler with the weight variation of 0; 0.2; and 0.4 gr. Pectin from cocoa peel was isolated by extraction use ammonium oxalic at a temperature of 85oC, pH of 3.6 for 60 minutes. An edible film synthesized at a temperature of 85oC to the agitation time of 50 minutes. 200 mesh of pectin used with the variation of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizer concentration are 1, 2 and 3% in volume. Edible films produced were dried at a temperature of 55oC for 6 hours. The results of the study obtained in 0.2 gr CaCO3 concentration and 1% glycerol of edible films has a tensile strength of 0.3267 mpa, percent elongation of 12.84%, modulus young of 2.5441 mpa, and the water vapor permeability of 4.1676 g/m2.day. While in 0.4 gr CaCO3 concentration and 1% sorbitol of edible films has a tensile strength of 6.511 mpa, percent elongation of 2.419%, modulus young of 269.119 mpa, and the water vapor permeability of 5.583 g/m2.day. Based on percent elongation characteristics, glycerol plasticizer made higher elasticity than sorbitol plasticizer. While the addition of filler able to increase tensile strength two times larger than without filler.
EFFECTS OF SOLID VINASSE-BASED ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON SOME GROWTH INDICES OF TOMATO PLANT
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.12507

Abstract

Vinasse, which is commonly referred to as stillage, is a aqueous by-product of bioethanol processing. This side-product is yielded in a very large quantity in bioethanol industry since the production of 1 L of ethanol will generate 13 L of vinasse. Hence it is become a problem of bioethanol industry since vinasse waste doesn’t have economic value and it is harmful to the environment. This industrial waste has high COD and BOD, high acidity, and high temperature when it is discharged from the bottom of distillation unit. To overwhelmed this drawbacks, it is crucial to attempt reduction of the negative characteristic of vinasse as well as creation of added value of vinasse. In fact, vinasse contains a considerable amount of potassium and organic matter which is beneficial for plant growth and improving the soil fertility. Thus, in this work, vinasse was utilized as raw material for organic fertilizer. Vinasse waste was formulated with other sugarcane industrial waste (filter cake and boiler ash), and NPK fertilizer in various composition to yield solid Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (OMF). Among all the composition of OMF, It was demonstrated that vinasse formulated with 3, 6, and 9% of NPK fulfilled the Indonesian National Standar (SNI) of solid fertilizer. Thus these types of OMF were used to fertilize tomato plant. The effects of vinasse-based OMF on some growth indices of tomato plant were examined. It was revealed that vinasse fertilizer formulated with 9% of NPK exhibited the best impact to the tomato plant growth.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMINERALIZED GELATIN FROM LIZARDFISH (Saurida spp.) SCALES USING NaOH-NaCl SOLUTION
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9621

Abstract

Demineralization is required to reduce the ash content of gelatin. Previous studies have confirmed the high quality of gelatin was produced after demineralized using combination of NaCl and aqueous NaOH. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of NaCl on the properties of gelatin from Lizardfish (Saurida spp.) scales. The cleaned scales was demineralized using a mixture of NaOH 0.5% and NaCl (0- 0.8%), at various temperatures (45, 65, 86oC) and time (30, 60, 90 and 150 minutes). The obtained samples was determined by ash content, pH, the lightness and moisture content. Addition of NaCl reduced the ash, pH and moisture content but increased the whiteness. Gelatin physical properties increased inline with NaCl concentration. Extended demineralized period gave a positive effect on ash, pH and moisture content but opposite effect was observed in the lightness and physical properties. Extended demineralization periods in high temperature reduced gelatin quality. The highest gel strength was found at demineralization for 150 min at 65oC using a combination of NaOH 0.5% and NaCl 0.8%. At this condition, the gelatin has 10%, 1,7%, 248 bloom, and 7,1 cP of moisture content, ash, gel strength and viscosity, respectively, which fulfil SNI 06.3735.1995.
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF CALCIUM OXIDE FROM FISHBONE WASTE IN WASTE COOKING OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.8335

Abstract

Calcium oxide was obtained from waste fish bones that has been carried out systematically by decomposition at various temperatures that 800oC, 900oC and 1000oC for 4 hours. Calcium oxide from the decomposition process was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM EDX and SAA. The result of XRD Diffractogram showed that the crystallinity increased as the calcination temperature increased. The absorption bands in the FTIR spectra of calcium oxide from calcined waste fish bones shown at 355 cm-1 region indicated Ca–O vibration, which was reinforced by the emergence of a peak at 859 cm-1. Based on the analysis using SEM EDX, the calcined waste fish bones typically irregular particles and contained dominant calcium element. The low value of BET surface area and the total of pore volume were consistent with the adsorption measurement with SAA. The calcium oxide was applied for biodiesel synthesis from Waste cooking oil through transesterification reaction. The result of the optimization that the calcium oxide was decomposed from waste fish bones at 900oC. It exhibited best catalytic activity in the transesterification of waste cooking oil providing maximum biodiesel yield of 93% at 4% (w/v) of catalyst loading. The decomposition of biodiesel are determined by GC MS that produced methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl elaidate, methyl linoleolate, methyl stearate and methyl linolenate.
BIODEGRADATION OF CHRYSENE BY CONSORTIUM OF BACILLUS CEREUS AND PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA IN PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED-SOIL ON SLURRY-PHASE BIOREACTOR
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.11404

Abstract

Pollution by chrysene compounds in the polluted soil of petroleum, due to exploration activities, production and disposal of petroleum waste into the environment causing serious damage to the ecosystem environment, became the target of processing with bacteria as a model of remediation of pollution sites. Thus, the study focused on the use of a bacterial consortium to degrade chrysene in petroleum-contaminated soil. The study was conducted by mixing 20:80 (% wt) of contaminated soil with water. The consortium of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida 10%(v/v) and 15%(v/v) bacteria with ratios; 2:3; 1:1; 3:2 is inserted into the slurry bioreactor. Biodegradation process is run with agitation of 100 rpm and temperature 26supo/supC – 30supo/supC and in aeration. Identification of chrysene using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) and bacterial populations with haemycitometer. The initial concentration of chrysene is 24.48 ng/μL. After 49 days remediation period for a 10% (v/v) reduced chrysene bacteria consortium and bacterial populations were 8.68 ng/μL; 7.56 ng/μL; and 8.07 ng/μL; with biodegradation rate is 67.01%; 69.10%; And 64.54%. As for the 15% (v/v) bacteria consortium with the same ratio, chrysene was degraded to 2.60 ng/μL; 1.57 ng/μL; and 2.02 ng/μL and the measured chrysene biodegradation rate was 89.39%; 93.58%; And 91.73%. These findings suggest that the percentage of low crude oil is degraded because of the increasing concentration of crude oil.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND ADDITION OF CAO TO HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM PATTUKKU COAL CHAR GASIFICATION
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9760

Abstract

Hydrogen is an environment-friendly fuel and has a high caloric value. Hydrogen as a molecule is not found in nature, but it is found in compounds with other elements. Besides catalytic steam reforming of natural gas, hydrogen can also be produced from thermochemical processes such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. The process of gasification using steam as gasification agent can increase the yield of H2 in the gas products. The objectives of this research are to study the influence of temperature and the addition of CaO on H2 production. This research was conducted in an up-draft reactor for 60 minutes with three different temperatures;  i.e. 600, 700, and 800 oC and ratio of CaO:char of 0 and 0.5. Based on this study, the rise of temperature will improve the yield of H2 and CO2 in the gas products. At gasification temperature of 800 oC, the yield of H2 and CO2 is maximum. Moreover, the addition of CaO can improve the char conversion and reduce the concentration of CO2 in the gas products.
EXTRACTION CHARACTERISTIC AND MICROENCAPSULATION OF ANTOCYANIN AS NATURAL FOOD COLOURING FROM ROSELLE CALYCES BY ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9547

Abstract

Anthocyanins are widely used as a food additive, and further study in production process development is required in order to obtain an efficient and superior process. This article presents the anthocyanin extraction by ultrasound-assisted extraction and the characterization of solid form anthocyanin extract. In addition, a simple kinetic analysis for the extraction process is investigated. Extraction was conducted by ultrasound-assisted extraction with a solute-solvent ratio of 1:4 and 1:8 at a temperature of 30OC, 40OC and 60OC. Anthocyanin content was analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Drying process was performed by a freeze dryer with the addition of maltodextrin and followed by characterization of powder comprising moisture content, solubility and colour intensity. The result shows that the extraction temperature has an effect on anthocyanins extracted. Temperatures rise increased the diffusion coefficient and triggered the driving force of solids into the solvent. This result had a correlation with the second-order kinetic model where the rate of extraction increases along with temperature rise. Characterization of anthocyanin extracts in solid form showed that the addition of maltodextrin provided better results than the product without maltodextrin. The anthocyanin powder added with maltodextrin fulfils the Indonesian standards for food colouring powders, having a low moisture content (5.6%) and high solubility (91.4%). Moreover, colour intensity analysis of anthocyanin powder showed that the powder with maltodextrin has a tendency of a lighter colour with low value of L *, a * and b *.

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