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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science
Published by Kementerian Pertanian
ISSN : 1411982X     EISSN : 23548509     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
The journal publishes primary research articles from any source if they make a significant original contribution to the experimental or theoretical understanding of some aspect of agricultural science in Indonesia. The definition of agricultural science is kept as wide as possible to allow the broadest coverage in the journal. Accredited base on Director Decree of Indonesian Institute of Science No. 816/D/2009 with acreditation No. 172/AU1/P2MBI/08/2009. IJAS is newly accredited by the Indonesian Institute of Science in 2012 (No. 473/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/08/2012) for period of 2012-2015.
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Search results for , issue "Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009" : 10 Documents clear
EVALUATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES IN CONTROLLING OF THE BANANA WEEVIL BORER Cosmopolites sordidus Germar IN WEST SUMATRA Hasyim, Ahsol; Azwana, Azwana; Syafril, Syafril
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, is an important pest of highland banana and plantain in Africa, but it exists in low densities in presumed area of origin in Southeast Asia such as in Indonesia. This suggests a possible existence of effective co-evolved natural enemies in the origin area of Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate banana weevil pest status at selected sites in West Sumatra, (2) to survey parasitoids and predators, and(3) to determine the control potential of the most important natural enemies. Surveys were undertaken in March 2002-August 2003 in five locations in West Sumatra, i.e., Bukittinggi, Sitiung, Pariaman, Pasaman, and Batusangkar. Five farms per site were selected randomly among all farms that contained banana stands of > 0.5 ha. Sampling for banana weevil adults and damage, and for predators was done throughout small banana stands and within a 20 m x 40 m (0.08 ha) subplot on largerfarms. Field-collected larvae were taken to the laboratory and reared on corm pieces (3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm) until pupation. Larvae were collected from pseudostem as well as corm residues. To estimate the abundance of non-social predators, i.e., those other than ants, 10 residues each on each farm were examined from plants that had been harvested 1-4 weeks, 5-8 weeks or 9 or more weeks before our visit to the site. Samples of thedifferent morphospecies were saved in alcohol for later identification. The result showed that the banana weevil incidence was found to be low,  0.6-1.7 adults per trap. Plant damage indices were below 2.2%. We collected and reared 24,360 eggs and 3118 larvae, but no parasitism was detected. Phorids (Megaselia sp.) and drosophilids were recovered from larval rearings, but most likely were scavengers. A complex of predators was detected, the most important of which was the histerid beetles,  Plaesius javanus Erichson. In laboratory tests, adults and larvae of P.  javanus attacked 75-88% and 38-53% of banana weevil larvae and pupae, respectively. Predatory ants, including species of Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Formicinae, and Dolichoderinae, were found to be associated with bananaplants and residues. Adults of Myopopone castanea Smith (Ponerinae) were directly observed attacking banana weevil larvae in crop residues. The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by the entomopathogen fungi of Beauveria bassiana from Baso, Sungaitarab, Sei Sariek, and Sikabau at highest density (3.2 x 108 spores ml-1) after two weeks were 96.67%, 90.00%, 60.00% and 83.33%, respectively. The high diversity of habitatconditions in which crop-pest-natural enemies systems exist, support the idea that banana weevil population and damage intensity in the study area is low due to active role of natural enemies.
MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPODOSOLS IN TOBA HIGHLAND, NORTH SUMATRA H. Prasetyo, B.
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Abstract

Spodosols are problem soils due to coarse texture, acid soilreaction, low nutrient status, and low soil moisture retention.About 2.16 million ha of Spodosols (1.1% of the Indonesianland areas) distributed in lowland and highland areas inKalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Papua. Spodosols of theToba highland areas require special attention because theseforested lands are gradually cleared, but then abandoned becausethey are not suitable for agricultural development, causing landdegradation. This study aimed to evaluate mineralogical andchemical characteristics of Toba highland Spodosols, NorthSumatra, and their implication on agricultural development.Three pedons of the Toba highland Spodosols from HumbangHasundutan regency were studied, consisted of soils developedfrom volcanic sand overlying liparite tuff under the influenceof low temperature and high rainfall. Field observation wasconducted in January 2008. Fifteen soil samples were collectedfrom the three pedons based on the depth of soil horizon.Results indicated that the formation of these Spodosols wereinfluenced by parent material, high elevation (1676-1821 mabove sea level), and by high amount of rainfall (2167 mm).The Spodosols in Toba highland were still in the early stage ofdevelopment as characterized by shallow effective soil depth(22-23 cm), domination of weatherable minerals (39-81%) inthe sand fraction and dominated by amorphous mineral asshown by sum of A1 + 1/2 Fe extracted by ammonium oxalateas much as 0.6-12.8%. The Spodosols were also characterizedby coarse texture (66-95% sand fraction in E and B horizons),high organic-C content (1.4-37.7%), acid soil reaction (pH 3.7-5.3), very high K2O in Oa horizon (552-933 mg kg-1) and Bspodic or C horizon (812-2028 mg kg-1), and low base saturation(< 5%). The existence of biological processes in the surfacelayer was indicated by accumulation of exchangeable bases(0.88-1.14 cmolc kg-1 in Oa horizon and 0.09-0.25 cmolc kg-1in B horizon), P2O5 (181-298 mg kg-1 in Oa horizon and 3-24 mg kg-1in E horizon), and K2O (552-933 mg kg-1 in Oa horizon and 13-30 mg kg-1 in E horizon). However, these nutrients were easilyleached after deforestation. With the sandy texture, loosestructure, and no vegetation cover, the erosion hazard is highin the deforested areas. Therefore, lands with Spodosols of theToba highland, especially are not recommended for agriculturaldevelopment, rather they should be kept as forest lands.
RESPONSE OF POTATO TO POTASSIUM FERTILIZER SOURCES AND APPLICATION METHODS IN ANDISOLS OF WEST JAVA Gunadi, Nikardi
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

An experiment to determine the response of potato to potassium(K) fertilizer sources and application methods in Andisolsof West Java was conducted at a farmer’s field in the highlandarea of Pangalengan (1400 m asl.), West Java from August toNovember 2004. The treatments consisted of two K fertilizersources (potassium chloride-KCl and potassium sulphate-K2SO4),two K rates (150 and 250 kg K2O ha-1), and three applicationmethods (single, split, and split combined with foliar application),were arranged in a randomized complete block design withfour replications. In the single application treatment, K wasapplied at planting, while in the split application treatment theK was applied half rate at planting and the rest at 6 weeks afterplanting (WAP). In the split combined with foliar applicationtreatment, the K fertilizer was applied half rate at planting, aquarter rate at 6 WAP and another quarter rate by foliar sprayingat 7, 8 and 9 WAP. The results showed that plant height was notsignificantly affected by the treatment (P >0.05). However, thesources and application methods of K fertilizer affected canopycover, crop cover weeks (CCW), tuber dry weight (DW), andtotal plant DW at 10 WAP. Potatoes supplied with K2SO4 eitherin split or split combined with foliar application had significantlyhigher percent canopy cover, CCW, tuber DW, and totalplant DW than those supplied with K fertilizer in single application.Potatoes supplied with K2SO4 had a higher tuber yieldcompared to those fertilized with KCl, especially under split orsplit combined with foliar application. To attain the same levelof tuber yield as in the split combined with foliar applicationmethod, the rate of K2SO4 should be increased from 150 to 250 kgK2O ha-1 when using single application. It is therefore suggestedthat K2SO4 for potatoes should be used in split applicationcombined with foliar application.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSTED BIO-TOILET RESIDUE AND ITS POTENTIAL USE AS A SOIL CONDITIONER Triastuti, Jovita; Sintawardani, Neni; Irie, Mitsuteru
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Abstract

Bio-toilet is a dry toilet where human excreta is trapped in a lignocelluloses soil matrix such as wood sawdust, then it is decomposed by aerobic  bacteria to organic compost rich in minerals such as N, P, and K. The study aimed to characterize the bio-toilet residue and its potential use as a soil conditioner for Jatropha curcas. The study was conducted in a private school of Daarut Tauhid in Bandung West Java. A bio-toilet S-50 type of Japan was constructed consisting of a composting chamber, mixer, heater, exhaust fan, and closet. The composting chamber was filled with 63 kg of Albizzia sawdust. Feces and urine was loaded daily by 54 students for 122-day observation. At the end of observation, the decomposed bio-toilet residue was evaluated for its physical properties such as bulk density (rb), porosity (%), and water retention (WR). Chemical properties such as pH, C/N ratio, N, P, and K, as well as microbiological properties such as numbers of bacteria, fungi, and worm eggs were evaluated at 14 and 122 days of decomposition process. Effect of the composted bio-toilet residue as plant growth media was evaluated using J. curcass as a plant indicator. Before it was used as a growth media, the composted bio-toilet residue was dried in a room temperature for 30 days. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design 2 x 4 factorial with threereplications. The first factor was the rate of composted biotoilet residue, i.e., 0, 20, 40, and 60% based on weight of the growth media mixture (1500 g pot-1), and the second was NPK fertilizer addition at 0 and 2 g pot-1. Each pot was planted with 2-month old of J. curcas seedlings. Parameters evaluated were leaf number, leaf area, stem height, and stem diameter measured at 12 weeks after planting. The results showed that the biotoilet residue was suitable as soil conditioner because it had highporosity (76%), low bulk density (0.19 g cm-3), high water retention (2.6 ml g-1 DM), neutral pH (6.9), C/N ratio 27, and contained N, P, K, and Na of 1.73, 1.15, 1.03, and 0.88%, respectively. Its microbial count showed only two kinds of bacteria, i.e., Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli,detected at 14 and 122 days of bio-toilet usage. The composted bio-toilet residue improved vegetative performances of J. curcas as indicated by increasing leaf number, leaf area, stem height, and stem diameter.
NUTRITIONAL AND ROTI QUALITY OF SORGHUM GENOTYPES Chavan, U.D.; Patil, J.V.; Shinde, M.S.
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Abstract

Sorghum grains are mostly used for the roti preparation. TheM 35-1 (Maldhandi) a sorghum cultivar is known for its goodquality of roti due to having pearly white grain color, its flourhaving higher water holding capacity, and good organoleptictaste. However, this cultivar is low yielder. To evolve sorghumhigh yielding genotype coupled with this good roti qualities,systematic breeding program was planned and executed toovercome this problem. Twenty local land races, 92 genotypes,and seven improved cultivars of sorghum along with check M35-1 were studied for various nutritional quality parameters,with special reference to the roti quality. Considering nutritionalquality and organoleptic evaluation parameters studied for rotiquality, the local land races viz., RSLG 428-1, RSLG 1238,RSLG 1275 and the genotypes viz., RSV 290, RSV 292, RSV858, RSV 859, RSV 861, RSV 868, RSV 894, RSV 985, RSV 992,RSV 995, RSV 999 were found to be promising for protein,sugar, water absorption, and soluble protein content. Therefore,they can be used for further improvement in nutritional qualitythrough breeding program. Among the improved cultivars, PhuleVasudha (RSV 423), CSV 22, and Phule Chitra (SPV 1546) werefound to be most promising for roti quality. The maximum scorefor overall acceptability was found for Phule Vasudha followedby Phule Anuradha (RSV 458), Phule Yeshoda (RSLG 262), andPhule Maulee (CSV 216).
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSTED BIO-TOILET RESIDUE AND ITS POTENTIAL USE AS A SOIL CONDITIONER Jovita Triastuti; Neni Sintawardani; Mitsuteru Irie
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v10n2.2009.p73-79

Abstract

Bio-toilet is a dry toilet where human excreta is trapped in a lignocelluloses soil matrix such as wood sawdust, then it is decomposed by aerobic  bacteria to organic compost rich in minerals such as N, P, and K. The study aimed to characterize the bio-toilet residue and its potential use as a soil conditioner for Jatropha curcas. The study was conducted in a private school of Daarut Tauhid in Bandung West Java. A bio-toilet S-50 type of Japan was constructed consisting of a composting chamber, mixer, heater, exhaust fan, and closet. The composting chamber was filled with 63 kg of Albizzia sawdust. Feces and urine was loaded daily by 54 students for 122-day observation. At the end of observation, the decomposed bio-toilet residue was evaluated for its physical properties such as bulk density (rb), porosity (%), and water retention (WR). Chemical properties such as pH, C/N ratio, N, P, and K, as well as microbiological properties such as numbers of bacteria, fungi, and worm eggs were evaluated at 14 and 122 days of decomposition process. Effect of the composted bio-toilet residue as plant growth media was evaluated using J. curcass as a plant indicator. Before it was used as a growth media, the composted bio-toilet residue was dried in a room temperature for 30 days. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design 2 x 4 factorial with three replications. The first factor was the rate of composted biotoilet residue, i.e., 0, 20, 40, and 60% based on weight of the growth media mixture (1500 g pot-1), and the second was NPK fertilizer addition at 0 and 2 g pot-1. Each pot was planted with 2-month old of J. curcas seedlings. Parameters evaluated were leaf number, leaf area, stem height, and stem diameter measured at 12 weeks after planting. The results showed that the biotoilet residue was suitable as soil conditioner because it had high porosity (76%), low bulk density (0.19 g cm-3), high water retention (2.6 ml g-1 DM), neutral pH (6.9), C/N ratio 27, and contained N, P, K, and Na of 1.73, 1.15, 1.03, and 0.88%, respectively. Its microbial count showed only two kinds of bacteria, i.e., Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli, detected at 14 and 122 days of bio-toilet usage. The composted bio-toilet residue improved vegetative performances of J. curcas as indicated by increasing leaf number, leaf area, stem height, and stem diameter.
NUTRITIONAL AND ROTI QUALITY OF SORGHUM GENOTYPES U.D. Chavan; J.V. Patil; M.S. Shinde
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v10n2.2009.p80-87

Abstract

Sorghum grains are mostly used for the roti preparation. The M 35-1 (Maldhandi) a sorghum cultivar is known for its good quality of roti due to having pearly white grain color, its flour having higher water holding capacity, and good organoleptic taste. However, this cultivar is low yielder. To evolve sorghum high yielding genotype coupled with this good roti qualities, systematic breeding program was planned and executed to overcome this problem. Twenty local land races, 92 genotypes, and seven improved cultivars of sorghum along with check M 35-1 were studied for various nutritional quality parameters, with special reference to the roti quality. Considering nutritional quality and organoleptic evaluation parameters studied for roti quality, the local land races viz., RSLG 428-1, RSLG 1238, RSLG 1275 and the genotypes viz., RSV 290, RSV 292, RSV 858, RSV 859, RSV 861, RSV 868, RSV 894, RSV 985, RSV 992, RSV 995, RSV 999 were found to be promising for protein, sugar, water absorption, and soluble protein content. Therefore, they can be used for further improvement in nutritional quality through breeding program. Among the improved cultivars, Phule Vasudha (RSV 423), CSV 22, and Phule Chitra (SPV 1546) werefound to be most promising for roti quality. The maximum score for overall acceptability was found for Phule Vasudha followed by Phule Anuradha (RSV 458), Phule Yeshoda (RSLG 262), and Phule Maulee (CSV 216).
EVALUATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES IN CONTROLLING OF THE BANANA WEEVIL BORER Cosmopolites sordidus Germar IN WEST SUMATRA Ahsol Hasyim; Azwana Azwana; Syafril Syafril
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v10n2.2009.p43-53

Abstract

The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, is an important pest of highland banana and plantain in Africa, but it exists in low densities in presumed area of origin in Southeast Asia such as in Indonesia. This suggests a possible existence of effective co-evolved natural enemies in the origin area of Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate banana weevil pest status at selected sites in West Sumatra, (2) to survey parasitoids and predators, and (3) to determine the control potential of the most important natural enemies. Surveys were undertaken in March 2002-August 2003 in five locations in West Sumatra, i.e., Bukittinggi, Sitiung, Pariaman, Pasaman, and Batusangkar. Five farms per site were selected randomly among all farms that contained banana stands of > 0.5 ha. Sampling for banana weevil adults and damage, and for predators was done throughout small banana stands and within a 20 m x 40 m (0.08 ha) subplot on larger farms. Field-collected larvae were taken to the laboratory and reared on corm pieces (3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm) until pupation. Larvae were collected from pseudostem as well as corm residues. To estimate the abundance of non-social predators, i.e., those other than ants, 10 residues each on each farm were examined from plants that had been harvested 1-4 weeks, 5-8 weeks or 9 or more weeks before our visit to the site. Samples of the different morphospecies were saved in alcohol for later identification. The result showed that the banana weevil incidence was found to be low,  0.6-1.7 adults per trap. Plant damage indices were below 2.2%. We collected and reared 24,360 eggs and 3118 larvae, but no parasitism was detected. Phorids (Megaselia sp.) and drosophilids were recovered from larval rearings, but most likely were scavengers. A complex of predators was detected, the most important of which was the histerid beetles,  Plaesius javanus Erichson. In laboratory tests, adults and larvae of P.  javanus attacked 75-88% and 38-53% of banana weevil larvae and pupae, respectively. Predatory ants, including species of Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Formicinae, and Dolichoderinae, were found to be associated with banana plants and residues. Adults of Myopopone castanea Smith (Ponerinae) were directly observed attacking banana weevil larvae in crop residues. The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by the entomopathogen fungi of Beauveria bassiana from Baso, Sungaitarab, Sei Sariek, and Sikabau at highest density (3.2 x 108 spores ml-1) after two weeks were 96.67%, 90.00%, 60.00% and 83.33%, respectively. The high diversity of habitat conditions in which crop-pest-natural enemies systems exist, support the idea that banana weevil population and damage intensity in the study area is low due to active role of natural enemies.
MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPODOSOLS IN TOBA HIGHLAND, NORTH SUMATRA B. H. Prasetyo
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v10n2.2009.p54-64

Abstract

Spodosols are problem soils due to coarse texture, acid soil reaction, low nutrient status, and low soil moisture retention. About 2.16 million ha of Spodosols (1.1% of the Indonesianland areas) distributed in lowland and highland areas in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Papua. Spodosols of the Toba highland areas require special attention because theseforested lands are gradually cleared, but then abandoned because they are not suitable for agricultural development, causing land degradation. This study aimed to evaluate mineralogical and chemical characteristics of Toba highland Spodosols, North Sumatra, and their implication on agricultural development. Three pedons of the Toba highland Spodosols from Humbang Hasundutan regency were studied, consisted of soils developed from volcanic sand overlying liparite tuff under the influence of low temperature and high rainfall. Field observation was conducted in January 2008. Fifteen soil samples were collected from the three pedons based on the depth of soil horizon. Results indicated that the formation of these Spodosols were influenced by parent material, high elevation (1676-1821 m) above sea level), and by high amount of rainfall (2167 mm). The Spodosols in Toba highland were still in the early stage of development as characterized by shallow effective soil depth(22-23 cm), domination of weatherable minerals (39-81%) in the sand fraction and dominated by amorphous mineral as shown by sum of A1 + 1/2 Fe extracted by ammonium oxalate as much as 0.6-12.8%. The Spodosols were also characterized by coarse texture (66-95% sand fraction in E and B horizons), high organic-C content (1.4-37.7%), acid soil reaction (pH 3.7- 5.3), very high K2O in Oa horizon (552-933 mg kg-1) and B spodic or C horizon (812-2028 mg kg-1), and low base saturation (< 5%). The existence of biological processes in the surface layer was indicated by accumulation of exchangeable bases(0.88-1.14 cmolc kg-1 in Oa horizon and 0.09-0.25 cmolc kg-1 in B horizon), P2O5 (181-298 mg kg-1 in Oa horizon and 3-24 mg kg-1 in E horizon), and K2O (552-933 mg kg-1 in Oa horizon and 13- 30 mg kg-1 in E horizon). However, these nutrients were easilyleached after deforestation. With the sandy texture, loose structure, and no vegetation cover, the erosion hazard is high in the deforested areas. Therefore, lands with Spodosols of the Toba highland, especially are not recommended for agricultural development, rather they should be kept as forest lands.
RESPONSE OF POTATO TO POTASSIUM FERTILIZER SOURCES AND APPLICATION METHODS IN ANDISOLS OF WEST JAVA Nikardi Gunadi
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 10, No 2 (2009): October 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v10n2.2009.p65-72

Abstract

An experiment to determine the response of potato to potassium (K) fertilizer sources and application methods in Andisols of West Java was conducted at a farmer’s field in the highland area of Pangalengan (1400 m asl.), West Java from August to November 2004. The treatments consisted of two K fertilizer sources (potassium chloride-KCl and potassium sulphate-K2SO4), two K rates (150 and 250 kg K2O ha-1), and three application methods (single, split, and split combined with foliar application), were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the single application treatment, K was applied at planting, while in the split application treatment the K was applied half rate at planting and the rest at 6 weeks after planting (WAP). In the split combined with foliar application treatment, the K fertilizer was applied half rate at planting, a quarter rate at 6 WAP and another quarter rate by foliar spraying at 7, 8 and 9 WAP. The results showed that plant height was not significantly affected by the treatment (P >0.05). However, the sources and application methods of K fertilizer affected canopy cover, crop cover weeks (CCW), tuber dry weight (DW), and total plant DW at 10 WAP. Potatoes supplied with K2SO4 either in split or split combined with foliar application had significantly higher percent canopy cover, CCW, tuber DW, and total plant DW than those supplied with K fertilizer in single application. Potatoes supplied with K2SO4 had a higher tuber yield compared to those fertilized with KCl, especially under split or split combined with foliar application. To attain the same level of tuber yield as in the split combined with foliar application method, the rate of K2SO4 should be increased from 150 to 250 kg K2O ha-1 when using single application. It is therefore suggested that K2SO4 for potatoes should be used in split application combined with foliar application.

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