Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis (e-ISSN: 1978-2993), an international journal, provides a forum for publishing the novel technologies related to the catalyst, catalysis, chemical reactor, kinetics studies, and chemical reaction engineering.
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<![CDATA[Valorization of the Phosphate Fertilizers Catalytic Activity in 1-(Benzothiazolylamino) Methyl-2-Naphthol Derivatives Synthesis ]]>
<![CDATA[Omar Zimou]]>;
<![CDATA[Badr Malek]]>;
<![CDATA[Achraf Elhallaoui]]>;
<![CDATA[Tourya Ghailane]]>;
<![CDATA[Rachida Ghailane]]>;
<![CDATA[Said Boukhris]]>;
<![CDATA[Nouzha Habbadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Amina Hassikou]]>;
<![CDATA[Abdelaziz Souizi]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2976.238-246
<![CDATA[The present work focused on developing a new protocol of the 1-(benzothiazolylamino) methyl-2-naphthol derivatives synthesis by condensation of three compounds, i.e. aromatic 2-naphthol, 2-aminobenzothiazole and aldehyde. Furthermore, this reaction was carried out in the presence of three heterogeneous phosphate catalysts: monoammonium phosphates (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and trisuperphosphate (TSP). Moreover, this method offered many advantages, such as: very high yields, shorter reaction times, and the catalysts, can be easily recovered and reused without any loss of their catalytic activities. ]]>
<![CDATA[In-situ Nitrous Acid Generation over Silica Imidazole Catalyst for Dyes Production ]]>
<![CDATA[Kasim Mohammed Hello]]>;
<![CDATA[Nahla Ghaze Fahad]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2617.247-259
<![CDATA[The objective of this research is to prepare a new type of heterogeneous catalyst and to study its usage for in-situ nitrous acid generation to form a diazonium salt. The high pure silica (> 95%) was produced by burning the clean rice husk at 800 °C. After that, the silica was transferred to sodium silicate using 1.0 M of NaOH, followed by immobilizing with 3-(chloropropyl)triethoxysilane in a simple one-pot synthesis. Finally, the material was refluxed with (0.015 mol) of p-xylyl di-imidazolium chloride. The silicon solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance shows the Q4, Q3, T3, and T2 chemical shifts at expected position. Carbon solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum shows different peaks at different chemical shifts related to the carbon structures of the organic moieties. The catalyst is stable up to 277 ºC according to the thermal analysis. TEM images show smooth and porous regularly shaped particles with an estimation size of ca. 5 nm. Coupling reaction of aromatic compounds was carried out with a diazonium salt of aniline to yield a monoazo dye. All dyes were showed matching the elemental analysis with the theoretical calculation. Besides this, the spectrum of FT-IR and UV-Visible were recorded. The catalyst was stable, easy separation from the reaction mixture, and reusable by a simple experimental procedure. The catalyst could be used successfully for the nitrous acid generation. ]]>
<![CDATA[Removal of Iron(II) Using Intercalated Ca/Al Layered Double Hydroxides with [α-SiW12O40]4- ]]>
<![CDATA[Tarmizi Taher]]>;
<![CDATA[Mikha Meilinda Christina]]>;
<![CDATA[Muhammad Said]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurlisa Hidayati]]>;
<![CDATA[Ferlinahayati Ferlinahayati]]>;
<![CDATA[Aldes Lesbani]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2880.260-267
<![CDATA[Ca/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method at pH 11 under room temperature condition then followed by calcination at 800 oC. The synthesized Ca/Al LDH was further intercalated with Keggin ion [α-SiW12O40]4- in order to prepare the intercalated form of Ca/Al LDH. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and used as an adsorbent for iron(II) removal from the aqueous medium. The adsorption performance was investigated by studying the kinetics and thermodynamic properties of the adsorption process. The results showed that pristine Ca/Al LDH exhibited diffraction peak at 2θ about 20o which corresponds to the layer structure of the LDH material. For the intercalated Ca/Al LDH, the diffraction observed at 2θ around 30-40o indicated that the [α-SiW12O40]4- was successfully intercalated into the interlayer space of Ca/Al LDH. Furthermore, the intercalated Ca/Al LDH showed higher adsorption capacity toward iron(II) than the pristine form of Ca/Al LDH. ]]>
<![CDATA[Ethanol Dehydrogenation to Acetaldehyde over Activated Carbons-Derived from Coffee Residue ]]>
<![CDATA[Jeerati Ob-eye]]>;
<![CDATA[Piyasan Praserthdam]]>;
<![CDATA[Bunjerd Jongsomjit]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.3335.268-282
<![CDATA[This study focuses on the production of acetaldehyde from ethanol by catalytic dehydrogenation using activated carbon catalysts derived from coffee ground residues and commercial activated carbon catalyst. For the synthesis of activated carbon catalysts, coffee ground residues were chemical activated with ZnCl2 (ratio 1:3) followed by different physical activation. All prepared catalysts were characterized with various techniques such as nitrogen physisorption (BET and BJH methods), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), X-ray Difraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dehydrogenation of vaporized ethanol was performed to test the catalytic activity and product distribution. Testing catalytic activity by operated in a fixed-bed continuous flow micro-reactor at temperatures ranged from 250 to 400 °C. It was found that the AC-D catalyst (using calcination under carbon dioxide flow at 600 °C, 4 hours for physical activation) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, while all catalysts show high selectivity to acetaldehyde (more than 90%). Ethanol conversion apparently increased with increased reaction temperature. At 400 ºC, the AC-D catalyst gave the highest ethanol conversion of 47.9% and yielded 46.8% of acetaldehyde. The highest activity obtained from AC-D catalyst can be related to both Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity because the dehydrogenation of ethanol uses both Lewis acid and Lewis basic sites for this reaction. To investigate the stability of catalyst, the AC-D catalyst showed quite constant ethanol conversion for 10 h. Therefore, the synthesized activated carbon from coffee ground residues is promising to be used in dehydrogenation of ethanol. ]]>
<![CDATA[Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Tin (Antimony) Substituted and Lacunar Dawson Phosphotungstomolybdates for Synthesis of Adipic Acid ]]>
<![CDATA[Mohamed Riad Guerroudj]]>;
<![CDATA[Leila Dermeche]]>;
<![CDATA[Lynda Mouheb]]>;
<![CDATA[Tassadit Mazari]]>;
<![CDATA[Siham Benadji]]>;
<![CDATA[Chérifa Rabia]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2905.283-293
<![CDATA[Tin (antimony) substituted and lacunar Dawson phosphotungstomolybdates (a1-K10P2W12Mo5ÿO61, a1-K8P2W12Mo5SnO61 and a-Cs4SnP2W12Mo6O62,and a-Cs3SbP2W12Mo6O62) were synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR), Visible Ultra Violet (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their catalytic properties were examined in the oxidation reaction of cyclohexanone at 90 °C and that of cyclohexene at 70 °C to adipic acid (AA), in presence of hydrogen peroxide and in free solvent. The effects of catalyst/substrate molar ratios, hydrogene peroxide flow rate, heteropolysalt composition, and cyclohexanol addition on AA yields were studied. The Cs4SnP2W12Mo6O62 (the most efficient) led to 61 % of AA yield from the cyclohexanone oxidation using a catalyst/substrate molar ratio of 13.3×10-4, H2O2 flow rate of 0.5 mL/h, and a reaction time of 20 h. ]]>
<![CDATA[Synthesis of Polytetrahydrofuran Using Protonated Kaolin as A Solid Acid Catalyst ]]>
<![CDATA[Abdelhak Moumen]]>;
<![CDATA[Zhour Hattab]]>;
<![CDATA[Youghourta Belhocine]]>;
<![CDATA[Kamel Guerfi]]>;
<![CDATA[Nacer Rebbani]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2605.294-300
<![CDATA[In this work, a non-toxic protonated kaolin clay exchanged with protons, was successfully applied as a solid acid catalyst for the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (poly(THF)) at room temperature in the presence of acetic anhydride. Prior to using the kaolin as a catalyst, it was treated with HCl (0.1 M) and characterized using various analytical techniques. The amounts of catalyst and reaction time on the conversion of THF were investigated. Characterizations of nuclear magnetic Resonance of proton (1H-NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Optical Microscopy (OM), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) techniques were used to examine the resulting polymer. X-ray characterization and DSC data indicated that the obtained poly(THF) is a highly crystalline substance. The results showed that protonated kaolin (kaolin–H+) has a high catalytic activity for the polymerization of THF with a conversion rate of 50.02% after 20 hours. ]]>
<![CDATA[Catalytic Dehydrogenation of para-Diethyl Benzene to para-Divinyl Benzene over Iron Oxide Supported Catalyst ]]>
<![CDATA[Vivek Kumar Srivastava]]>;
<![CDATA[Nagesh Sharma]]>;
<![CDATA[Raksh V. Jasra]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2963.301-308
<![CDATA[The vapor-phase catalytic dehydrogenation of para-diethyl benzene (PDEB) to para-divinyl benzene (PDVB) with super-heated steam as a diluent was investigated using alumina supported iron oxide catalyst system. During the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction, ethyl styrene (EST) and thermal cracking products were observed as side products. It was found that various reaction parameters influence the rate of dehydrogenation reaction. However, the reaction is favored by high temperature and low reaction pressure. Moreover, addition of potassium into iron-oxide catalyst acts as a promoter and thereby increases the efficiency of the catalyst. The conversion of PDEB and yield of PDVB also increases as the Water/PDEB flow ratio increases.]]>
<![CDATA[Bio-kerosene and Bio-gasoil from Coconut Oils via Hydrocracking Process over Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 Catalyst ]]>
<![CDATA[Muhammad Al-Muttaqii]]>;
<![CDATA[Firman Kurniawansyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Danawati Hari Prajitno]]>;
<![CDATA[Achmad Roesyadi]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2669.309-319
<![CDATA[In this study, hydrocracking of coconut oil over Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was carried out in a batch reactor under different reaction temperature. Coconut oil is proposed as one of the potential feedstock for biofuel production. The Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. The characterization of Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDAX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The chemical composition of biofuel was analyzed by Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results from the GC-MS analysis showed that the hydrocracking reaction over 10 % (Ni-Fe)/HZSM-5 catalyst at temperature of 375 oC obtained the highest hydrocarbon content (contained 49.4% n-paraffin, 26.93 % isoparaffin, 3.58 % olefin) and the highest yield of bio-gasoil 38.6 % in the biofuel liquid hydrocarbon. Pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecane (n-C17) were the most abundant hydrocarbon compounds in biofuel liquid hydrocarbon. Decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation was the dominant reaction pathways in this process. Based on the result, the reaction temperature had a significant effect on the distribution of biofuel composition and yield of biofuel from coconut oil.]]>
<![CDATA[Kinetic of Anthocyanin Degradation in Roselle Extract Dried with Foaming Agent at Different Temperatures ]]>
<![CDATA[Setia Budi Sasongko]]>;
<![CDATA[Mohamad Djaeni]]>;
<![CDATA[Febiani Dwi Utari]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.2875.320-325
<![CDATA[This research studied the effect of drying temperature on the kinetic of degradation anthocyanin in roselle extract drying with foam under dehumidified air at temperatures ranging 40-60 oC. During the drying process, the anthocyanin content in the roselle extract was observed every 20 minutes for 120 minutes. The data was used for estimating the kinetic parameters of anthocyanin degradation namely constant of anthocyanins degradation rate and reaction order. The kinetic parameters were estimated and fitted with experimental data at various drying condition. Result showed that the anthocyanins degradation closed to the second order reaction. Meanwhile, the constant of anthocyanins degradation rate at various drying temperatures followed Arhenius correlation. With the result, retention of anthocyanin during the drying can be well estimated for various drying time and temperature. ]]>
<![CDATA[Highly Conductive and Soluble Polymer Synthesized by Copolymerization of Thiophene with Para-Methoxybenzaldehyde Using Clay Catalyst ]]>
<![CDATA[Djamal Eddine Kherroub]]>;
<![CDATA[Larbi Bouhadjar]]>;
<![CDATA[Bouhadjar Boukoussa]]>;
<![CDATA[Abdelkader Rahmouni]]>;
<![CDATA[Khadidja Dahmani]]>;
<![CDATA[Mohammed Belbachir]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.3793.413-420
<![CDATA[This present research focuses on the synthesis of a new conducting polymer based on the copolymerization of thiophene with para-methoxybenzaldehyde, using a clay as an ecologic catalyst named Maghnite-H+. The catalysis of the reaction by Maghnite-H+ can confer it important benefits, such as the green environment aspect. The reaction was carried out in dichloromethane as a solvent. The new copolymer obtained is a poly (heteroarylene methines) small bandgap polymers precursor. It can be considered as a useful model system for examining the impacts of π-conjugation length on the electronic properties of this type of conjugated polymers. The measurements of the electrical conductivity gave a value of order of 0.0120 W.cm-1, allowing its use in various important applications. The characteristics of the molecular structure and the thermal behavior of the conducting polymer obtained are also discussed using different methods of analysis, such as: proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). ]]>
