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All Journal Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial Rowter Journal Matondang Journal Economit Journal Polit Journal LingLit Journal Lakhomi Journal
Belay Sitotaw Goshu
Department of Physics, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Social Sciences

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Stairway to Heaven, Cosmos, and Life: A Journey from Mythology to Reality Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture Vol 7 No 1 (2026): Lakhomi Journal : Scientific Journal of Culture, March
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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This review examines the intersection of cultural mythology, cosmological science, and existential philosophy through the lens of Led Zeppelin's iconic song "Stairway to Heaven" (1971). The song's central metaphor a stairway purchased by a woman who believes "all that glitters is gold" serves as a cultural touchstone for exploring humanity's quest for transcendence. Drawing on astrobiology, cosmology, and meaning-centered psychology, this review argues that while the cosmos lacks intrinsic purpose, the very conditions that enable life emerge from cosmic evolution, and meaning can be constructed through conscious engagement with existence. The review synthesizes scientific evidence on the origin of biogenic elements, cosmological constraints on life's emergence, and philosophical frameworks for meaning-making in a purposeless universe.
Celestial categories: How languages encode, structure, and transmit astronomical knowledge across cultures Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture Vol 7 No 1 (2026): Lakhomi Journal : Scientific Journal of Culture, March
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Cultural astronomy has long documented how human societies interpret celestial phenomena, yet the linguistic dimension—how languages grammatically and lexically encode astronomical knowledge—remains systematically underexplored. While the sun, moon, planets, and stars present universal perceptual experiences, languages categorize and structure these referents in highly diverse ways, with implications for cognitive science, linguistic typology, and language documentation This paper examines how languages across diverse families encode, structure, and transmit celestial knowledge. Methods: The study synthesizes evidence from five language families (Austronesian, Pama Nyungan, Mayan, Uralic, Indo European) using frameworks from linguistic relativity, semantic typology, cognitive metaphor theory, and the ethnography of communication. Data sources include descriptive grammars, ethnoastronomical literature, oral narrative recordings, and comparative historical linguistics. Celestial lexicons are organized by eight semantic dimensions (brightness, motion, periodicity, visibility pattern, shape, colour, mythological role, functional association). Grammatical systems integrate celestial referents through noun class/gender assignment (e.g., Bantu languages), numeral classifiers (e.g., Japanese lunar phase counters), evidentiality marking (e.g., Tariana obligatory source specification for eclipses), and absolute spatial frames of reference (e.g., Guugu Yimithirr solar anchored directions). Transmission occurs through parent child nighttime dialogue, oral genres (Australian Dreaming narratives, Polynesian wayfinding chants, Maya agricultural instructions), language contact (borrowing and semantic shift), and material gestural modalities (bark paintings, deictic pointing). Case studies reveal universals (sun/moon as primary anchors) alongside language specific structuring (evidential distinctions for meteors, grammatical number for auroral displays). Languages are not passive reflectors of celestial reality; they actively categorize, structure, and transmit skylore through distinct linguistic mechanisms. The findings support a moderate linguistic relativity hypothesis in the domain of natural kinds: grammatical patterns shape habitual attention to celestial phenomena without determining perception.
A Systematic Review of Internet of Things (IoT) Applications in Sustainable Project Management in Ethiopia Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Rowter Journal Vol 5 No 1 (2026): Ȓowteɍ Journal
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR) Publisher

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The rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has created significant opportunities for sustainable project management in developing countries, including Ethiopia. As Ethiopia advances initiatives such as the Digital Ethiopia 2030 strategy, smart city programs, and climate-resilient development policies, IoT integration has become increasingly important in infrastructure, agriculture, energy, and environmental management. This systematic review examines the current applications, benefits, and challenges of IoT in sustainable project management within the Ethiopian context. The study employed a structured review methodology using academic databases, institutional repositories, government publications, and peer-reviewed literature. A total of 23 relevant studies and policy documents were critically analyzed using thematic synthesis approaches to identify sectoral applications, sustainability contributions, and implementation barriers. The findings indicate that IoT applications in Ethiopia are concentrated in construction and infrastructure, agriculture, energy systems, and environmental monitoring. IoT technologies improve economic sustainability through operational efficiency, resource optimization, and reduced maintenance costs. Environmental sustainability benefits include real-time monitoring of ecosystems, efficient resource utilization, and climate resilience. Social sustainability outcomes involve enhanced food security, infrastructure safety, and public service reliability. However, adoption remains constrained by inadequate infrastructure, high implementation costs, limited technical expertise, cybersecurity concerns, and weak institutional coordination. The study concludes that IoT technologies possess substantial potential to support sustainable development in Ethiopia. The review recommends increased investment in digital infrastructure, technical capacity building, localized innovation, and stronger regulatory and cybersecurity frameworks.
Collective Action for Public Health, Fragmented Action for Public Peace: Institutional Resilience and Failure in Ethiopia's Religious Councils Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics Vol 6 No 1 (2026): Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics, February
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Ethiopia’s Inter‑Religious Council of Ethiopia (IRCE) successfully mobilised collective action against COVID‑19 but has failed to mediate the country’s multiple ethnic conflicts. This paradox challenges assumptions about the peacebuilding potential of religious institutions. This study investigates why the same religious institutions demonstrate high collective action for public health but fragmentation for peace, testing whether threat type (exogenous vs. endogenous) explains divergent outcomes. A comparative case study design was employed, comparing the IRCE’s response to COVID‑19 (exogenous threat) with four ethnic conflicts (endogenous threats): Tigray, Oromo, Amhara, and Gurage. Data sources included IRCE public statements, news archives, ACLED conflict data, NGO reports, and peer‑reviewed literature. Analysis traced five criteria: public statements, ceasefire calls, mediation attempts, humanitarian roles, and internal unity. COVID‑19 produced high collective action, leader neutrality, state partnership, clear positive‑sum goals, and success. All four ethnic conflicts produced low to very low collective action, loss of leader neutrality, the state as protagonist, zero‑sum goals, and failure. The Gurage case involving co‑religionists on both sides demonstrated that even shared faith cannot overcome endogenous partisan divisions. Foundational weaknesses include government co‑optation of religious leaders into the ruling party, financial dependency, and abandonment of religious doctrines demanding justice. Ethnic identity overrides religious authority in endogenous conflicts. The IRCE’s institutional design assumes neutrality that no longer exists when the state is a belligerent and leaders share ethnic identities with combatants. Institutional resilience is domain‑specific: success in public health does not transfer to peacebuilding. During active civil wars, donors should support local, traditional peace custodians (e.g., Aba Gars) rather than national inter‑religious councils, and prioritise internal ethnic de‑escalation within religious bodies before external mediation.
The Divine Blueprint: Mathematics, the Language of Creation Muhammad Ridwan; Belay Sitotaw Goshu
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 6 No 4 (2025): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, December
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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The relationship between mathematics and theology has occupied human thought for millennia, with traditions across cultures conceiving mathematics as a divine language or blueprint through which the cosmos is ordered. The remarkable effectiveness of mathematics in describing physical reality presents a persistent philosophical puzzle. This article explores the historical, philosophical, and theological dimensions of mathematics as a divine blueprint, examining how different traditions have interpreted mathematical order and considering the implications for contemporary science, religion, and human meaning. A multidisciplinary synthesis drawing from historical analysis, philosophical inquiry, theological reflection, and contemporary physics examines the development of mathematical theology from Pythagorean and Platonic traditions through the Scientific Revolution to modern cosmology. The investigation reveals that mathematics has been consistently understood across diverse traditions, including Christian Logos theology, Islamic geometric art, Jewish Kabbalah, Hindu sacred geometry, and Ethiopian Orthodox calendrical computation, as participating in divine order. The “unreasonable effectiveness” of mathematics in modern physics, exemplified by Noether’s theorem, general relativity, and quantum theory, intensifies questions about whether mathematics is discovered or invented. The mathematical intelligibility of the universe admits multiple interpretations, theistic, mystical, and naturalistic yet converges on recognition that mathematical inquiry participates in something transcendent. Gödel’s incompleteness theorems and quantum indeterminacy remind us that mystery persists alongside mathematical order. Future inquiry should pursue interdisciplinary dialogue between mathematics, philosophy, theology, and physics, attending to both the power and limits of mathematical description.
The Body Politic as a Sacred Vessel: A Systematic Review of the Cross-Cultural Resonance of Moral Metaphors Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 6 No 4 (2025): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, December
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Unfilled pauses silent gaps in conversation carry pragmatic meaning that may vary across cultural contexts. Hall’s (1976) distinction between high context (HC) and low context (LC) cultures suggests that silence is valued in HC societies as a sign of reflection and respect, whereas LC societies interpret silence as evasive or uncomfortable. However, empirical evidence directly linking pause duration to Hall’s dimension in naturalistic and experimental settings remains limited. This study investigated cross cultural differences in the production and interpretation of unfilled pauses. Specifically, we examined whether HC speakers produce longer and more frequent pauses, and whether listeners from HC versus LC cultures differentially rate willingness, politeness, and competence as a function of pause length. Phase 1 corpus analysis (Japanese, Egyptian Arabic, German, American English; N = 400 conversations) revealed that HC speakers produced pauses nearly twice as long (mean = 915 ms) and twice as frequent as LC speakers (mean = 517 ms). Phase 2 experimental results (N = 480) showed a significant interaction between pause duration and cultural group for willingness ratings, F(3, 19152) = 34.7, p < .001. LC listeners’ willingness dropped 52% from short to long pauses, while HC listeners dropped only 15%. For politeness, longer pauses increased ratings for HC listeners but decreased them for LC listeners. Unfilled pauses function as a culturally variable pragmatic marker, supporting Hall’s high /low context framework and challenging Universalist accounts of silence interpretation. Intercultural communication training should explicitly address pause norm differences, and pragmatic competence assessments in second language learning should incorporate culturally appropriate silence use.
Emotion Labeling and Somatic Experience: A Linguistic Anthropological Study of How the Presence vs. Absence of ‘Sadness’ Words Alters Autonomic Arousal in Japanese and American Speakers Muhammad Ridwan; Belay Sitotaw Goshu
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 6 No 4 (2025): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, December
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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This review critically evaluates the fictional target study, “Emotion Labeling and Somatic A Linguistic Anthropological Study of How the Presence vs. Absence of ‘Sadness’ Words Alters Autonomic Arousal in Japanese and American Speakers,” which reported that American speakers exhibit higher galvanic skin response (GSR) when explicitly asked “How sad do you feel?” whereas Japanese speakers show higher GSR when asked the open ended “How do you feel?” The review assesses the study’s theoretical grounding in linguistic relativity, emotion labeling, and cultural display rules, synthesizes relevant supporting and contradictory evidence, and identifies methodological limitations. Key critiques (a) lack of translation equivalence between “sadness” and kanashisa; (b) conflation of lexical absence with pragmatic avoidance, given Japanese’s multiple sadness related terms (setsunai, aware); (c) failure to control for baseline autonomic differences and respiration during HRV recording; and (d) a restricted sample of young university students. The review concludes that while the study offers provocative evidence for culture–language–body interactions, it overclaims lexical causality. Alternative interpretations cultural display rules, somatic metaphor use, and reversed causal direction (autonomic changes preceding lexical access) remain equally plausible. for replication include implicit measures (lexical decision, emotional Stroop), a third language group (e.g., German with Traurigkeit), and non word controls. Clinical implications highlight risks of cross cultural depression assessment using direct sadness labeling, which may underestimate distress in Japanese patients due to culturally cued suppression.
Counterfactual Structure and Regret Intensity: Cross Linguistic Experiments on How Grammatical Mood Shapes Post Decision Emotions Muhammad Ridwan; Belay Sitotaw Goshu
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 6 No 4 (2025): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, December
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Regret is a counterfactual emotion requiring mental simulation of alternatives to reality. Languages differ dramatically in grammatical mood marking for counterfactuals from obligatory subjunctive (Spanish, Turkish) to optional periphrastic (English) to absent (Mandarin). Whether these grammatical differences shape regret intensity remains unknown. This review synthesizes cross‑linguistic experimental evidence testing whether obligatory counterfactual mood increases post‑decision regret, whether fine‑grained mood distinctions produce graded effects, and what mechanisms explain these effects. We integrate behavioural, eye‑tracking, and self‑paced reading experiments comparing speakers of Spanish, Turkish, German, English, and Mandarin. Standardised decision scenarios with negative outcomes were used, measuring regret intensity, counterfactual generation latency/frequency, and rumination. Multilevel mediation and within‑language mood manipulations were employed. Obligatory mood produces significantly higher regret (Cohen’s *d* up to 1.13) than optional or absent marking, mediated by faster counterfactual generation. Fine‑grained distinctions (past perfect vs. imperfect subjunctive) amplify regret selectively for irreversible outcomes. Mandarin speakers show lower regret but higher rumination, suggesting deliberative processing. Processing fluency reduced cognitive effort for counterfactual simulation when mood is obligatory is the primary mechanism. Grammatical mood is a cognitive determinant of regret intensity, not merely an expressive device. Regret’s phenomenology is partially grammatically constructed. Future research should use neurolinguistic methods, developmental designs, artificial language learning, and clinical trials of “grammatical distancing” for regret‑based disorders. Applications in legal, medical, and marketing contexts should account for cross‑linguistic mood variation.
Language Shift as Cultural Memory Loss: Quantifying the Erosion of Ethnobiological Knowledge across Three Generations in an Endangered Language Community Muhammad Ridwan; Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Wan Nurul Atikah
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 7 No 1 (2026): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, March
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Approximately 40% of the world’s 7,000 languages are endangered, with many located in biodiversity hotspots. Language shift may accelerate the loss of traditional ecological knowledge, but quantitative, three‑generation studies are lacking. To quantify the relationship between heritage language shift and ethnobiological knowledge erosion across three generations in an endangered language community. Ninety participants (30 grandparents, G1; 30 parents, G2; 30 children, G3) from 30 families completed standardized language proficiency measures (adapted PPVT, oral fluency) and ethnobiological knowledge tasks (free‑listing, species identification and use). Covariates included age, education, and nature contact. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression. Language proficiency declined significantly across generations (G1: M=42.1/50; G2: 28.4; G3: 12.7; η²=0.67). Ethnobiological knowledge showed a parallel decline (G1: M=38.6/80; G2: 24.3; G3: 9.8; η²=0.68). The bivariate correlation between language proficiency and knowledge was strong (r=0.72, 95% CI [0.61, 0.80], p<0.001). Regression confirmed language proficiency as a unique predictor (β=0.61, p<0.001) after controlling for covariates, explaining 45% of variance in knowledge. Language shift and ethnobiological knowledge erosion are tightly coupled processes, supporting the view that heritage languages serve as critical scaffolds for cultural memory. Rapid intergenerational loss (70% vocabulary, 88% knowledge) within two generations indicates a biocultural emergency. Integrated interventions—community‑based language revitalization, heritage‑language environmental education, and biocultural conservation policies are urgently needed to preserve both linguistic and ecological diversity.
Thermodynamic Literacy for Sustainable Development: A Review of Integrating Physics Education on Resource Utilization and Environmental Awareness Cultivation Muhammad Ridwan; Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Arifulhak Aceh
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 7 No 1 (2026): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, March
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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The escalating global environmental crisis demands an urgent reorientation of educational paradigms, particularly within physics instruction. Thermodynamics the fundamental science of energy, work, and entropy offers a natural and powerful bridge between abstract physical principles and concrete sustainability challenges. This review synthesizes the scholarly literature on integrating sustainable development education into physics instruction, with a specific focus on resource utilization and environmental awareness cultivation. Through a systematic analysis of 45 peer-reviewed studies spanning 2015–2025, we examine how thermodynamic literacy can transform sustainability education from aspirational discourse into quantitatively grounded decision-making. The review identifies three core contributions of thermodynamic literacy: (1) providing first-principles explanations for resource limits and efficiency boundaries via the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics; (2) enabling rigorous assessment of resource utilization through concepts such as Energy Return on Investment (EROI), exergy analysis, and entropy accounting; and (3) cultivating environmental awareness by making invisible energy flows and waste streams visible and quantifiable. We find that effective pedagogical approaches include project-based resource audits, exergy literacy integration, socio-scientific inquiry frameworks, and active learning strategies aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite growing recognition of the physics–sustainability nexus, significant gaps remain: validated assessment instruments for thermodynamic literacy are underdeveloped, teacher professional development lags behind curricular ambitions, and systematic integration across educational levels is fragmented. The review concludes with a proposed framework for thermodynamic literacy development spanning cognitive, analytical, and practical competencies and offers recommendations for curriculum design, pedagogical innovation, and future research.
Co-Authors Anantasha Titisania Rimadewi Arifulhak Aceh Bikila Merga Deresa Duol Dak Maluel Kassahun Desealegn Asfaw Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Muhammad Ridwan Muhammad Ridwan Muhammad Ridwan Nigussie Mamushet Degeif Ramlan Solomon Zerihun Wan Nurul Atikah