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Belay Sitotaw Goshu
Department of Physics, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

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Divine Echoes: the Spiritual Significance of Thunder and Lightning across Religions Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Rowter Journal Vol 3 No 2 (2024): Ȓowteɍ Journal
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR) Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/rowter.v3i2.1121

Abstract

This study traces the progression of human knowledge from ancient mythical interpretations to contemporary scientific explanations, investigating the cultural significance of thunder and its role in the development of scientific thought. The goal is to explore how thunder has impacted scientific perspectives and cultural ideas throughout history the shift from supernatural explanations to empirical data and the application of artificial intelligence to modern weather forecasting. The process comprises a review of historical and contemporary scientific literature thus, a textual examination of religious texts from many traditions, such as the Bible, Quran, and Vedas. The findings suggest that although thunder was originally thought to be a sign from God, scientific progress, especially during the Enlightenment, has led to a better understanding of thunder as a meteorological event. Furthermore, the modern world is still impacted by the ancient cultural respect for thunder in popular culture, literature, and the arts. The study concludes that the transformation of thunder's meaning from a representation of divine anger to an occurrence with scientific explanations reflects the advancement of human cognition and the fusion of scientific knowledge with cultural legacies. This knowledge emphasizes how crucial it is to see natural occurrences via cultural and scientific glasses, appreciating the influence of customs while embracing technological progress.
Misconceptions in Physics among High School Teachers: A Case Study in Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal; Muhammad Ridwan
Matondang Journal Vol 4 No 1 (2025): Màtondàng Journal
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR) Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/matondang.v4i1.1120

Abstract

Ensuring high-quality education depends heavily on teacher competency. Diagnostic exams can assess teachers' topic knowledge and identify areas where they need to improve their preparation. Nonetheless, gender and education level-based performance gaps underscore the need for a more thorough comprehension of these variables in the Ethiopian educational setting. The purpose was to assess teachers' performance on a diagnostic exam given by standards established by the Ethiopian Ministry of Education and investigate performance differences by gender and educational attainment. Existing studies on teacher competency in Ethiopia have rarely explored the influence of demographic variables, leaving a critical gap in understanding how gender and education level impact performance. Methodology: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using diagnostic test scores of teachers. The relationships between education level, gender, and performance were assessed using statistical techniques such as correlation analysis, t-tests, and chi-square testing. Teachers with an MSc outperformed those with a BSc, with average scores of 75 and 62, respectively. Female teachers passing rate was (62.1%) and the male teachers (68.9%), but the chi-square test indicated no statistically significant association between gender and performance (χ² = 0.05, p = 0.824). Significant disparities in diagnostic test performance highlight gaps in teacher preparedness. Tailored training programs, equitable resource allocation, and gender-sensitive strategies are recommended to improve teacher performance and bridge identified gaps.
The Cosmic Descent of Falling Angles: Ethiopian Orthodox Teachings, Astronomical Insights, and Philosophical Reflections Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Matondang Journal Vol 4 No 1 (2025): Màtondàng Journal
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR) Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/matondang.v4i1.1249

Abstract

Religion, astronomy, and philosophy are just a few fields of human thought that have understood falling as a physical phenomenon and a symbolic idea. In the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, falling is often viewed as a moral and spiritual descent, particularly in the narrative of the Book of Enoch, where the fall of angels represents disobedience and the corruption of humanity. Astronomically, falling is understood as the entry of meteors or meteorites into Earth’s atmosphere, governed by the laws of physics. Philosophically, falling is explored as a metaphor for existential struggles, with thinkers such as Plato, Sartre, and Nietzsche associating it with ignorance, despair, and the search for meaning. The objective is to examine the similarities and differences between the philosophical, astronomical, and theological perspectives on falling. The research adopts a qualitative methodology involving a thematic analysis of religious texts, scientific literature, and philosophical works. The findings reveal that while religious perspectives focus on the moral and spiritual aspects of falling, astronomical explanations offer a scientific understanding based on physical laws, and philosophical views use falling as a metaphor for human existential challenges. The study concludes a varied consideration of falling by providing insights from multiple intellectual traditions. The study recommends fostering interdisciplinary research to explore these views further, integrating spiritual and scientific perspectives, and promoting public education that bridges religious and scientific interpretations.
The Heavens Declare: A Journey through the Seven Skies of Scripture and Science Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Matondang Journal Vol 5 No 2 (2026): Màtondàng Journal
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR) Publisher

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Abstract

The notion of the seven heavens (ሰባቱ ሰማያት; al-samāwāt al-sabʿ), articulated in Ethiopian Orthodox, biblical, and Islamic traditions, has often been dismissed as prescientific cosmology incompatible with contemporary astrophysics. Such critiques, however, overlook the theological depth and symbolic intentionality embedded within these cosmological visions. Rather than functioning as empirical blueprints of the universe, the seven heavens operate as structured metaphysical frameworks that articulate transcendence, divine sovereignty, and graded ontological reality. This study contends that the seven heavens should be interpreted as a theological architecture rather than a failed scientific hypothesis. Through comparative textual analysis of the Ethiopian Book of Enoch, Pauline references to the “third heaven,” and Qur’anic descriptions of layered heavens, the research demonstrates that each tradition employs vertical cosmology to express divine proximity, moral hierarchy, and spiritual ascent. A hermeneutical engagement with atmospheric science, astronomy, and cosmology further reveals structural correspondences between ancient symbolic stratification and the layered organization of the observable universe, including atmospheric divisions, galactic hierarchies, and large-scale cosmic structures. To conceptualize this relationship, the study introduces the term cognitive resonance, distinguishing meaningful structural parallelism from simplistic concordism. The findings indicate that ancient cosmologies and modern scientific models share analogous patterns of order and scale without implying literal equivalence. Consequently, the heavens function as theological symbols within scripture and as physical realities within science, representing complementary epistemic domains.
The Eighth Day and the 49 Year Cycle: Unlocking the Mystery of Numbers in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Matondang Journal Vol 5 No 2 (2026): Màtondàng Journal
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR) Publisher

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Abstract

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOTC) preserves a rich but largely unstudied tradition of numerical symbolism. This article provides the first systematic analysis of two interconnected numbers at the heart of that tradition: the Eighth Day (number 8) as a symbol of resurrection and new creation, and the 49‑Year Cycle as a framework for sacred time rooted in biblical Jubilee theology. Drawing on patristic sources preserved in Ge’ez, liturgical texts (including anaphoras and the Mawas‘et), the canonical Book of Jubilees, and the distinctive Ge’ez numeral system, the article argues that these two numbers together reveal a coherent theological system – a cruciform temporality in which the 49‑year cycle provides the horizontal structure for sacred time while the Eighth Day introduces the vertical irruption of eternity. This synthesis shapes Ethiopian Orthodox worship, baptismal practice, calendar computation, and eschatological hope. The article also surveys other sacred numbers (3, 7, 12, 13, 40, 318, 777), identifies critical research gaps (lack of primary source engagement, under‑exploration of Ge’ez gematria, conflation of official and popular practice), and proposes an interdisciplinary research agenda. The Ethiopian Orthodox numerical tradition offers a distinctive and underexplored contribution to global Christian theology, deserving of further philological, archaeological, comparative, ethnographic, and computational study.
The Great Disconnect: Quantifying the Mismatch between STEM Skill Supply and Labor Market Demand in Ethiopian Engineering Education Belay Sitotaw Goshu
Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance Vol 5 No 4 (2025): Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance: (November)
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

Ethiopia’s rapid industrialization and infrastructure development demand a competent engineering workforce. However, persistent mismatches between graduate competencies and employer expectations undermine employability and national development goals. This study aimed to quantify skills gaps in Ethiopian engineering education across civil, electrical, mechanical, and chemical disciplines, identify perceptual differences among stakeholders, examine institutional and pedagogical determinants, and compare outcomes between Institutes of Technology (IoTs) and conventional university structures. A cross-sectional mixed-methods survey collected Likert-scale ratings from 320 graduates, 180 employers, and 140 instructors across seven universities. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U), gap analysis, and visualizations (bar plots, heatmaps, radar charts, and box plots) were employed to assess alignment, stakeholder perceptions, and institutional/pedagogical influences. This is among the first studies in Ethiopia to simultaneously compare graduate, employer, and instructor perceptions, quantify domain-specific gaps, and explicitly contrast IoT versus conventional institutional models in relation to pedagogical practices and skills outcomes. Significant gaps (1.1–1.7 points on a 5-point scale) were found, largest in technical skills, discipline-specific knowledge, and generic technical competencies. Employers rated readiness substantially higher than graduates and instructors, with statistically significant divergence in technical domains. IoTs exhibited consistently smaller gaps (average reduction 0.20–0.25 points), lower lecture dominance, modestly higher project/problem-based learning, and stronger (though still limited) industry practitioner integration compared to conventional structures. Systemic misalignment between engineering curricula and labor-market needs persists, driven by lecture-heavy pedagogy, weak industry linkage, and institutional design differences. IoTs demonstrate structural advantages in reducing skills deficits. Shift toward active, project-based pedagogies, integrate industry practitioners systematically, scale IoT-inspired models nationwide, and establish continuous employer feedback mechanisms to align engineering education with Ethiopia’s industrialization priorities.
Beyond the Zero-Sum Game: A Paradigm Shift from Hydro-Politics to Hydro-Economics in the Eastern Nile Basin Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance Vol 6 No 1 (2026): Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance: (February)
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

The Nile Basin remains one of Africa's most contested transboundary water systems, characterized by downstream hydro-hegemony rooted in colonial-era agreements (1929 and 1959) that allocated nearly all flows to Egypt and Sudan while excluding upstream rights. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), Ethiopia's flagship hydropower project, has intensified tensions by challenging historic claims and introducing perceived zero-sum risks to downstream water security. This study examines the paradigm shift from a zero-sum hydro-political framework, focused on fixed volumetric allocations and securitized narratives, to a hydro-economic approach emphasizing system optimization, benefit-sharing, and positive-sum outcomes. Drawing on hydrological modeling, economic valuation, and institutional analysis, the research evaluates coordinated GERD–Aswan High Dam operations, water-energy swap mechanisms, drought and filling protocols, joint augmentation projects, and trilateral institutional architecture under African Union mediation. Novelty lies in reframing the GERD as a regional asset rather than a threat: upstream regulation reduces evaporation losses, attenuates floods, buffers droughts, traps sediment, and anchors clean energy exports via regional grids. Coordinated scenarios yield basin-wide gains, minimized downstream deficits, enhanced hydropower efficiency (up to 35% increase), expanded irrigation, and annual economic benefits exceeding $3 billion, transforming interdependence into mutual prosperity. Findings demonstrate that equitable cooperation outperforms unilateralism, with adaptive protocols and trust-building mechanisms (real-time data sharing, joint modeling, dispute prevention) enabling resilience amid climate variability. The Nile can serve as a model for pan-African transboundary governance, aligning with Agenda 2063 and the Silencing the Guns initiative. In conclusion, the choice is not between Ethiopian development and Egyptian security, but between perpetuating conflict and embracing shared prosperity. Recommendations include establishing a Joint Nile Commission, formalizing water-energy swaps, adopting trigger-based protocols, pursuing joint infrastructure, and leveraging AU guarantees for implementation.
Modeling Conflict Resolution in Ethiopian Social Networks (2015–2025): A Statistical Physics Approach to Stability and Equilibrium Dynamics Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics Vol 5 No 4 (2025): Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics, November
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/polit.v5i4.1430

Abstract

Ethiopia’s social networks from 2015 to 2025 have been marked by ethnic tensions and conflict, necessitating strategies to enhance stability and cohesion. This study aims to identify key factors influencing stability in Ethiopian social networks and propose data-driven strategies for conflict resolution. A small-world network with 100 nodes was simulated using the Ising model at (T = 0.5), with sensitivity analysis varying rewiring probabilities (p = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2) and external influence (h = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3) over 5000 iterations. Simulated empirical data included influence scores and edge weights, reflecting real-world dynamics. High clustering (0.45 at (p = 0.05) correlated with stability, while high (h) (0.3) reduced stability by 12%. Clustering-magnetization correlations ranged from 0.8016 (h = 0.0) to -0.9665 (h = 0.3), and betweenness-magnetization correlations shifted from 0.4639 to -0.7603, highlighting external influence’s disruptive effect. Clustering drives stability, but excessive external influence undermines it, as seen in Ethiopia’s conflict patterns. Policymakers should strengthen local networks and minimize external interventions to enhance cohesion.
Quantum Enhanced Multimodal Analysis of Political Polarization on TikTok: A Case Study of Ethiopia’s Digital Public Sphere Belay Sitotaw Goshu
Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics Vol 6 No 1 (2026): Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics, February
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

Ethiopia's political landscape, characterized by ethnic federalism and the National Dialogue process, faces escalating polarization amplified by TikTok's algorithmically curated content. Traditional machine learning approaches struggle to capture the quantum-like dynamics of political discourse, superposition of identities, entanglement of ethnic and ideological factors, and context-dependent meaning. This study introduces the first quantum-enhanced multimodal framework for analyzing political discourse on Ethiopian TikTok, integrating quantum entanglement-driven fake news detection (Q-ALIGNer), quantum LSTM sentiment analysis, and quantum frequency-based opinion shift modeling (OpinionXf). We developed a hybrid quantum-classical pipeline processing 50,000 Amharic, Oromo, Tigrinya, and English TikTok videos. Q-ALIGNer encodes text, video, and audio modalities as quantum states with entanglement-based fusion. Quantum LSTM captures temporal sentiment evolution, while OpinionXf models opinion shifts using frequency-domain transformations. Performance was evaluated against classical baselines using 10-fold cross-validation. Q-ALIGNER achieved 92.5% accuracy, outperforming classical models by 8.2–13.9%, with only 4.6% accuracy drop under adversarial attack versus 11.9% for classical models. Quantum LSTM achieved 89.7% accuracy with 15.2% MAE reduction over AfriBERTa. Sarcasm detection improved by 8.4% and coded political language by 9.1%. OpinionXf achieved 85.7% precision and 100% recall for 72-hour early warning, detecting shifts 3–6 days before classical models. Ablation study revealed quantum layers contributed 46.3% and entanglement 53.7% of total performance gain. Entanglement-based similarity maps revealed three political actor clusters with intra-cluster entanglement 0.85–0.92 versus inter-cluster 0.65–0.72. Quantum-enhanced frameworks significantly improve detection of misinformation, sentiment polarization, and opinion shifts in Ethiopian political discourse, enabling proactive early warning systems. Deploy the 3-layer quantum model with all-to-all entanglement for Ethiopia's National Dialogue Commission, prioritizing high-persuadability local issues while approaching identity-based topics through deliberative processes.
Naming the Days: The Influence of Ancient Astronomy on Modern Religious and Cultural Practices Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 5 No 3 (2024): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, September
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/linglit.v5i3.1168

Abstract

A rich interplay of astronomy, religion, and mythology is reflected in the naming of days across cultures, providing insights into how societies organized time and perceived the universe. This study focuses on Ethiopia's distinctive calendar and religious influence while examining the cultural importance of weekday naming customs in other countries. The goal is to scrutinize how astronomical observations and antiquated customs from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Asia, and Ethiopia combine to influence modern timekeeping. This study tracks the development of day-naming customs throughout multiple civilizations by analyzing historical documents, linguistic trends, and religious writings using a comparative cultural analysis approach. The findings demonstrate that while many cultures, including Ethiopians, name their days after solar or lunar events, religious beliefs also play a major role, particularly in Ethiopian Orthodox Christian traditions. Day naming is a valuable tool for tracking time and a representation of cultural identity, according to the study, which finds that day name is heavily influenced by mythology and religion. It is suggested that conventional timekeeping methods be preserved via digital preservation and teaching and that interdisciplinary study be encouraged to delve deeper into these relationships.
Co-Authors Arifulhak Aceh Bikila Merga Deresa Duol Dak Maluel Kassahun Desealegn Asfaw Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Muhammad Ridwan Muhammad Ridwan Nigussie Mamushet Degeif Ramlan Solomon Zerihun