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Assessment of Five Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Catfish-Clarias gariepinus from River Benue at Ibi, Taraba State, Nigeria Johnson, Gani; Atoshi, Ago Mikyitsabu; Yakubu, Joshua; Audu, Stephen I.
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v1i1.3368

Water is also a vital resource for agriculture, manufacturing and other human activities. In urban areas, the careless disposal of industrial effluents and other wastes into rivers may contribute greatly to the poor quality of river water. This research is to assess the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in Catfish-Clarias gariepinus and the sediment from River Benue at Ibi, Taraba state, Nigeria. The level of heavy metals in water, sediment and catfish from the study area were assess and the estimate contamination factor and pollution load index in the sediment of the study area was also access and compared with the WHO results and other relevant standards. The results shows that the concentration of heavy metal in fish was within the WHO permissible limits. Also the concentration of Pb, Zn and Ni in catfish were significantly (P≤0.05) higher compared to the metals but they were within the WHO permissible limits except for Cd. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment were within the acceptable WHO and USEPA limits, except for Cd, and Mn. PLI values for sediment from all the sites were less than one, implying that the sediment was unpolluted. The persistence of heavy metals in water, fish and sediment samples from the studied areas over time might lead to potential health risk on both humans and aquatic lives via food ingestion. Changes in water and sediment chemistry might be responsible for the variations in the chemical properties of sediment, water and fish.

Assessment of Five Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Catfish-Clarias gariepinus from River Benue at Ibi, Taraba State, Nigeria Johnson, Gani; Atoshi, Ago Mikyitsabu; Yakubu, Joshua; Audu, Stephen I.
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v1i1.3368

Water is also a vital resource for agriculture, manufacturing and other human activities. In urban areas, the careless disposal of industrial effluents and other wastes into rivers may contribute greatly to the poor quality of river water. This research is to assess the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in Catfish-Clarias gariepinus and the sediment from River Benue at Ibi, Taraba state, Nigeria. The level of heavy metals in water, sediment and catfish from the study area were assess and the estimate contamination factor and pollution load index in the sediment of the study area was also access and compared with the WHO results and other relevant standards. The results shows that the concentration of heavy metal in fish was within the WHO permissible limits. Also the concentration of Pb, Zn and Ni in catfish were significantly (P≤0.05) higher compared to the metals but they were within the WHO permissible limits except for Cd. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment were within the acceptable WHO and USEPA limits, except for Cd, and Mn. PLI values for sediment from all the sites were less than one, implying that the sediment was unpolluted. The persistence of heavy metals in water, fish and sediment samples from the studied areas over time might lead to potential health risk on both humans and aquatic lives via food ingestion. Changes in water and sediment chemistry might be responsible for the variations in the chemical properties of sediment, water and fish.

Extraction, Characterization and Application of Natural Dye Extract from Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) on Cotton Fabric Johnson, Gani; Yakubu, Joshua; Atoshi, Ago Mikyitsabu; Emmanuel, Sarki Atoma-ti
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3496

Using a Soxhlet system, natural dye was extracted from beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and applied to cotton fabric. With the use of FT-IR, GC-MS, and UV-visible spectroscopy, the extracted dye was analyzed. On the cotton cloth that had been dyed, the properties of scouring, wash fastness, and light fastness were assessed. Using a mordant, the cotton fabric was treated with the natural dye extract. The dye extract has a red colour. According to the FTIR characterization data suggested the presence of N-H, C-H, C=C, C-H, C-N and C-Cl functional groups in the dye extract. Fifty one compounds were isolated and identified by the GC-MS Melezitose, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and 4-Mercaptophenol has the higest percentage area (70.19 %) and Cis-10-Nonadecenoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-, and cis-Vaccenic acid has the lowest percentage area (0.07%). N-H and C=C were the chromophores found in the dye extract.The color fastness to wasshing test revealed that the materials' fastness grade increased to a range of 3, indicating a fair grade of fastness, when the dye was applied using SnCl2 as a mordant.While the color fastness to light showed that cotton fabric was dyed with mordants, the fastness grade increased to a range of 5, which indicates a moderate fading resistance, when the dye was applied to the fabrics using FeSO4 as the mordant. Using K2Cr2O7 as the mordant, the fastness grade slightly decreases to a range of 1, indicating very poor grade of fastness. The result of colour fastness and SnCl2 light fastness of the dye demonstrated a moderate resistance to fading and a fair color look on cotton fabric. The colour fastness to rubbing showed that 3-4 and 2-3 colour changes were experienced for dry and wet rubbing respectively with mordant. The outcome of colour fastness of the dye showed a very good affinity to remain on the fabric when mordant was applied.

Extraction, Characterization and Application of Natural Dye Extract from Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) on Cotton Fabric Johnson, Gani; Yakubu, Joshua; Atoshi, Ago Mikyitsabu; Emmanuel, Sarki Atoma-ti
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3496

Using a Soxhlet system, natural dye was extracted from beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and applied to cotton fabric. With the use of FT-IR, GC-MS, and UV-visible spectroscopy, the extracted dye was analyzed. On the cotton cloth that had been dyed, the properties of scouring, wash fastness, and light fastness were assessed. Using a mordant, the cotton fabric was treated with the natural dye extract. The dye extract has a red colour. According to the FTIR characterization data suggested the presence of N-H, C-H, C=C, C-H, C-N and C-Cl functional groups in the dye extract. Fifty one compounds were isolated and identified by the GC-MS Melezitose, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and 4-Mercaptophenol has the higest percentage area (70.19 %) and Cis-10-Nonadecenoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-, and cis-Vaccenic acid has the lowest percentage area (0.07%). N-H and C=C were the chromophores found in the dye extract.The color fastness to wasshing test revealed that the materials' fastness grade increased to a range of 3, indicating a fair grade of fastness, when the dye was applied using SnCl2 as a mordant.While the color fastness to light showed that cotton fabric was dyed with mordants, the fastness grade increased to a range of 5, which indicates a moderate fading resistance, when the dye was applied to the fabrics using FeSO4 as the mordant. Using K2Cr2O7 as the mordant, the fastness grade slightly decreases to a range of 1, indicating very poor grade of fastness. The result of colour fastness and SnCl2 light fastness of the dye demonstrated a moderate resistance to fading and a fair color look on cotton fabric. The colour fastness to rubbing showed that 3-4 and 2-3 colour changes were experienced for dry and wet rubbing respectively with mordant. The outcome of colour fastness of the dye showed a very good affinity to remain on the fabric when mordant was applied.

Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Yakubu, Joshua; Kanadi, Andema Aaron; Mathias, Bifam; Dass, Peter Michael
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i2.10007

Natural dyes have attracted increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, particularly because of their potential functional and bioactive properties. This study aimed to extract and characterize a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea and evaluate its physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, thermal, morphological, and spectroscopic properties. The dye was extracted using the Soxhlet method, yielding 32%. The physical characterization showed that the extract was maroon in color, had a pH of 5.10, a melting range of 200–210°C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, while phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also inhibited the growth of selected bacterial and fungal organisms. Instrumental characterization was conducted using FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC–MS. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching vibrations. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, and crystalline-like structures, while TGA indicated three stages of thermal stability: initial weight loss between 30 and 150°C, major weight loss between 250 and 450°C, and residual mass above 500°C. GC–MS analysis identified 18 compounds with their respective retention times and intensities; maltose showed the highest intensity at 2.50, whereas propanoic acid and tetral gyvcol showed lower intensities of 0.20. The study concludes that B. ferruginea stem extract possesses promising dye characteristics, bioactive constituents, antimicrobial potential, and measurable thermal stability. These findings contribute to the development of plant-based natural dyes for sustainable material and bioresource applications.

Optimization of the Dyeing Conditions of Natural Dye from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod on Cotton Fabrics Kanadi, Andama Aaron; Yakubu, Joshua; Yakubu, James; Bilyamin, Abdulkadir Junior; Ayo, Akinterinwa; Dass, Peter Micheal
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i2.10011

This study examines the dyeing performance, color fastness, surface morphology, and antimicrobial properties of cotton fabrics dyed with natural dye extract, both with and without mordant treatment. The dye extract was applied to treated and untreated cotton fabrics, while CuSO₄, FeSO₄, and KAl(SO₄)₂ were used as mordants to produce different color shades. The optimum dyeing conditions for treated and untreated cotton fabrics were identified at dye concentrations of 2% and 1.5%, temperatures of 90°C and 80°C, and dyeing times of 60 and 50 minutes, respectively. Color fastness to washing and sunlight was evaluated, and the surface morphology of dyed and undyed fabrics was investigated using SEM. The dyed cotton fabrics demonstrated good color fastness, with ratings ranging from 3 to 5 under washing and sunlight exposure. Antimicrobial analysis showed that all dyed fabrics, with and without mordants, produced no inhibition zone against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi, with values of 0.00 ± 0.00. However, the dyed fabrics exhibited varying inhibition zones against the fungus Penicillium notatum. Treated cotton dyed with copper sulphate mordant showed the highest inhibition zone of 1.1 ± 0.00 mm, whereas untreated cotton dyed with potassium aluminium sulphate mordant showed the lowest inhibition zone of 0.4 ± 0.00 mm. The study concludes that mordant-assisted dyeing can improve shade variation and maintain acceptable color fastness in cotton fabrics, while the antifungal activity of the dyed fabrics suggests potential functional value for naturally dyed textile applications.

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