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All Journal Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi Dan Keagamaan
Friska Linia Sari
Universitas Islam Negeri Fatmawati Sukarno Bengkulu
Religion Astronomy

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Unifying Islamic Time: A Contextualised Fiqh Analysis of the Unified Global Hijri Calendar Between Uṣūl Al-Fiqh, Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah, and Transnational Legal Authority Friska Linia Sari; Bakhouya Driss; Badrun Taman
Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi Dan Keagamaan Vol 13, No 1 (2026): January-June
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia (Islamic Law) at Fatmawati Sukarno State Islamic University Bengkulu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29300/mzn.v13i1.9173

Abstract

The persistent fragmentation of Hijri month determination across Muslim-majority states constitutes a normative and juridical problem whose resolution has eluded both classical fiqh and modern Islamic institutions. Existing scholarship has addressed the issue predominantly through maqāṣid analysis or empirical policy studies, without producing a systematic reconstruction of the problem within the integrated framework of uṣūl al-fiqh methodology, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, and the theory of transnational legal authority (wilāyat al-ḥukm). This study critically analyses the juridical construction, normative legitimacy, and legal implications of the Unified Global Hijri Calendar (UGHK) within the contemporary uṣūl al-fiqh framework, with particular attention to the dialectic between scriptural authority and astronomical science. Normative legal research was conducted using a conceptual approach, combining analysis of primary Islamic legal sources (Qurʾān, ḥadīth, classical fiqh compendia), contemporary scholarly discourse, and outputs of international collective ijtihād forums, including the 2016 Istanbul Congress. Data were processed through descriptive-analytical and argumentative techniques with deductive-comparative reasoning across classical and contemporary juristic positions. The study finds that UGHK construction is jurisprudentially grounded through: (1) a taʿaqqulī reinterpretation of rukyah as wasīlah rather than maqṣūd li-dhātihi, enabling the integration of precise astronomical calculation; (2) a contextualised reinterpretation of ikhtilāf al-maṭāliʿ responsive to globalised information access; and (3) maqāṣid-based legitimation across ḥifẓ al-dīn, ḥifẓ al-māl, and ḥifẓ al-ʿaql. This study is the first to integrate all three analytical axes — uṣūl al-fiqh methodology, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, and wilāyat al-ḥukm transnational theory — into a unified juridical framework for UGHK legitimation, offering a more structurally coherent alternative to the fragmented approaches prevailing in the literature
The Concept of Syafaq Abyaḍ in Determining the Beginning of the ʿIshāʾ Prayer Time Ahmad Abrar; Friska Linia Sari
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (June)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v5i1.7299

Abstract

Prayer times are determined by the position of the Sun on the celestial sphere, including the Isha prayer, which begins with the disappearance of syafaq (twilight). Syafaq is classified into two types: syafaq aḥmar (red twilight) and syafaq abyaḍ (white twilight). The Shafi'i and Maliki madhhabs utilize syafaq aḥmar as their reference, whereas the Hanbali and Hanafi madhhabs rely on syafaq abyaḍ. In Indonesia, the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kemenag RI) defines the start of Isha based on the disappearance of syafaq aḥmar at a solar altitude of -18°. However, light and air pollution significantly hinder the observation of this phenomenon. This qualitative field research aims to observe the disappearance of syafaq on Masalembu Island, an ideal location offering an unobstructed view of the western horizon and pristine, dark night skies (sky brightness value of 22.00 mag./arc sec²). Primary data were collected by recording night sky brightness using a Sky Quality Meter (SQM). The results indicate a discrepancy with the official regulations. While the Ministry of Religious Affairs establishes -18° as the threshold for the disappearance of syafaq aḥmar, field data reveal that even syafaq abyaḍ has completely vanished at this solar altitude. These findings emphasize the critical need for accurate twilight observations in pollution-free areas to ensure more precise determinations of Islamic prayer times.
Co-Authors Ahmad Abrar Badrun Taman Bakhouya Driss