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Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Creatinine Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus) Amelia A Riuh; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Fatmah Dhafir; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.699-704

Creatinine is a key biochemical indicator of renal function, and elevated creatinine levels reflect impaired kidney performance. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a known nephrotoxic agent that induces oxidative stress and renal damage. This study evaluate the effect of red coconut tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) extract on creatinine in CCl4-induced mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental laboratory design using 24 male mice, which were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (CCl4-induced), and four treatment groups administered red coconut tembuluk extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. Renal damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 at a dose of 1 mL/kg body weight. The extract was administered orally for eight consecutive days following induction. Serum creatinine levels were measured before and after treatment. The results showed that CCl4 induction significantly increased creatinine levels in the negative control group compared to the normal control, indicating impaired renal function. Administration of red coconut tembuluk extract resulted in a significant reduction in creatinine levels across all treatment groups, with the most pronounced effect observed at the 80% concentration. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of the extract on creatinine reduction (p < 0.05), followed by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) test confirming differences among treatment groups. The nephroprotective effect of the extract is likely associated with its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, antioxidants, and L-arginine, which contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and support renal tissue recovery. In conclusion, red coconut tembuluk extract effectively reduces serum creatinine levels in CCl4-induced mice, with the 80% concentration showing the greatest protective effect. These findings suggest that red coconut tembuluk has potential as a natural nephroprotective agent.

Effects of Red Coconut Tembuluk (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) Extract on Uric Acid Level Reduction in Mice (Mus musculus) Sukmawati Sukmawati; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Fatmah Dhafir; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.693-698

Increased levels of uric acid in the blood can lead to metabolic disorders such as gouty arthritis, which require effective management. This study aimed to determine the effect of red coconut tembuluk extract (Cocos nucifera var. rubescens) on reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus). The study employed an experimental research design using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). A total of 28 mice were used, divided into seven groups with four replications each. The groups consisted of a normal control group (KN), which received food and water ad libitum; a negative control group (K+); a positive control group (K-); and four treatment groups (PI, PII, PIII, and PIV). The negative control group (K+), positive control group (K-), and all treatment groups were induced with lard oil for 14 days to increase uric acid levels. The positive control group (K?) was treated with allopurinol at a dose of 0.026 mg per 20 g body weight. The normal control (KN) and negative control (K+) groups received food and water ad libitum without extract administration. Treatment group PI received 10% red coconut tembuluk extract, PII received 20%, PIII received 40%, and PIV received 80%. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that administration of red coconut tembuluk extract significantly reduced uric acid levels in mice induced with lard oil. The most effective concentration in reducing uric acid levels was 80% (PIV), with an average uric acid level of 5.4 mg/dL.

Total Flavonoid and Tannin Content in Pumpkin Stem Extract (Cucurbita moschata) Vadillah Vadillah; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1113-1119

Cucurbita moschata is a medicinal plant that possesses various pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which are associated with its bioactive compound content. One plant part that has been relatively underutilized is the pumpkin stem, although it has the potential to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and tannins. This study aimed to identify and determine the levels of bioactive compounds in pumpkin stem extract based on stem maturity stages, namely young stems and mature stems, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis was conducted through phytochemical screening using color reaction methods with specific reagents to detect flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry based on standard calibration curves. The results showed that pumpkin stem extract tested positive for both flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis indicated that the flavonoid content in young stems was 7.22, which was higher than in mature stems (3.00). In contrast, tannin content was higher in mature stems (9.03) compared to young stems (5.02). These differences indicate that flavonoids are more dominant in young tissues with active metabolic activity, whereas tannins tend to accumulate in mature tissues as part of plant defense mechanisms. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that pumpkin stem extract contains flavonoid and tannin compounds with varying levels depending on stem maturity, suggesting its potential as a natural source of antioxidants.

Population Density and Distribution Pattern of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) in the Rice Field Ecosystem Sinta Sinta; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Rafiqah Rafiqah; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1121-1127

The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a freshwater mollusc species commonly found in rice field ecosystems and is recognized as one of the major pests of rice crops. This species possesses a high adaptive capacity and a rapid reproductive rate, allowing its population to increase rapidly and cause significant damage to rice plants. Nevertheless, the golden apple snail also has ecological roles and potential benefits, including serving as an alternative feed source for livestock and fish, as well as contributing to the decomposition of organic matter in aquatic environments. This study aimed to analyze the population density and distribution pattern of the golden apple snail in the rice fields of Dolago Padang Village, South Parigi District. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach using a field survey method. Data were collected using a quadrat sampling technique with plot sizes of 2 × 2 m established at three different observation stations. The number of golden apple snail individuals within each plot was counted directly and subsequently analyzed to determine population density and distribution patterns using the Morisita Index. In addition, environmental parameters, including water temperature and pH, were measured. The results showed that a total of 90 golden apple snail individuals were recorded during the study. Population density ranged from 1 to 2 individuals/m², which was categorized as moderate. The distribution pattern of the golden apple snail at all observation stations was classified as uniform, as indicated by Morisita Index values below 1 (Id < 1). Environmental conditions, with temperatures ranging from 27–30°C and pH values between 6.5 and 7.2, were within the optimal range supporting the presence and development of the golden apple snail.

Diversity of Insect Species on Bird's Eye Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Tudua Village, Morowali Regency Nurul Amna Moh Said; Fatmah Dhafir; Syech Zainal; Manap Trianto; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1223-1229

Insects are the most diverse group of living organisms, accounting for nearly 80% of all known animal species. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda and exhibit a wide range of morphological characteristics. Insects can be found in almost all habitats, ranging from lush tropical rainforests to harsh deserts, as well as aquatic environments such as rivers and lakes. This study aimed to identify and describe insect species associated with bird's eye chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Tudua Village. The research was conducted in October 2025. The study sites were selected using purposive sampling, with three observation plots measuring 10 × 10 m each. Insect samples were collected using a combination of sweeping nets, pitfall traps, light traps, and yellow traps. The collected specimens were identified based on their morphological characteristics up to the order, family, genus, or species level and were analyzed descriptively to determine their ecological roles within the agroecosystem. The results revealed a total of 29 insect species belonging to eight orders: Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Blattodea. The identified insects exhibited diverse ecological roles, including pests, herbivores, predators, pollinators, and decomposers. Members of the order Hemiptera and some species of Coleoptera were the most commonly encountered pest groups. Meanwhile, Araneae, Hymenoptera, and Odonata functioned as natural predators, Lepidoptera acted as pollinators, and Blattodea served as decomposers. The presence and distribution of insects were influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil pH.

Analysis of Flavonoid and Tannin Contents in Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita moschata) Extract Adi Fahri; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Fatmah Dhafir; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1003-1009

Pumpkin is one of the herbal plants that possesses various medicinal properties, including antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, due to the presence of bioactive compounds in its seeds. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in pumpkin seed extract using qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. Qualitative analysis was conducted through color reaction tests using several specific reagents to identify the presence of flavonoid and tannin compounds. Quantitative analysis was performed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method based on standard solution calibration curves to determine the concentration of each compound. The qualitative test results indicated that the pumpkin seed extract positively contained flavonoids and tannins, as evidenced by the formation of specific color changes in each test. The quantitative analysis showed that the average flavonoid content was 9.34 mg/g, while the average tannin content was 9.42 mg/g. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that pumpkin seed extract contains high levels of flavonoid and tannin compounds, indicating its potential as a natural source of antioxidants. This study is expected to serve as a basis for further development regarding the potential utilization of pumpkin seeds with pharmacological effects.

Analysis of Daily Behavioral Patterns of Purebred Cats Before and After Sterilization Henny Chandra; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Syech Zainal; Fatmah Dhafir; Masrianih Masrianih; Manap Trianto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1183-1192

Male domestic cats tend to exhibit different behaviors influenced by reproductive hormones, such as aggression, territorial instincts, and relatively high levels of exploratory activity. Sterilization (castration) has been shown to reduce the production of these hormones, which may consequently affect cats' daily behavioral patterns. This study aimed to examine changes in the daily behavior of domestic male cats before and after sterilization (castration). Observations were conducted on 15 cats (A–O), with variables including feeding frequency, sleeping patterns, grooming behavior, play activity, aggressive behavior, social interactions, and physical health. The method employed was direct observation of cat behavior before and after the sterilization procedure. The findings revealed significant behavioral changes following sterilization, including reduced aggression, decreased roaming activity, increased resting time, and more regular feeding patterns. In addition, social interactions with humans and other cats increased, while the cats’ physical condition became more stable. The degree of behavioral change varied among individual cats and was influenced by factors such as breed, age, individual temperament, and the environment in which they were kept. Therefore, sterilization not only plays an important role in population control but also contributes to improved behavioral stability and overall welfare in domestic male cats.

Habitat Characteristics of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) Nesting Sites in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, Indonesia Nuraini Nuraini; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1011-1019

The Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) is an endemic bird species found in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species belongs to the order Galliformes and is distinguished by a prominent black, hard casque on its head, an orange beak, predominantly black plumage, and yellowish facial skin. The Maleo exhibits a unique reproductive strategy, as it does not incubate its eggs directly. Instead, it buries them in loose sandy soil that is naturally heated by geothermal activity. According to the 2021 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Maleo is classified as Critically Endangered under criteria A2cd+4cd (Version 3.1) of the IUCN Red List. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of Maleo nesting habitats in Bukit Jaya Village, Banggai Regency, in order to support the conservation of suitable in situ breeding and nesting environments. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on direct field observations and literature review. Sampling stations were determined using an exploratory survey method, in which sites were purposively selected based on habitat characteristics to observe Maleo nesting conditions and the surrounding vegetation. Data collected included nesting-hole depth and width, temperatures inside and outside the nesting holes, sand surface temperature, and humidity. Measurements were conducted three times daily at 08:00, 13:00, and 17:00. The results showed that: (1) nesting-hole depth ranged from 43 to 46 cm, with an average of 44.4 cm; (2) nesting-hole width ranged from 47 to 53 cm, with an average of 50 cm; (3) between 08:00 and 17:00, the average temperature inside the nesting holes was 31°C, the average temperature outside the holes was 35.74°C, the average sand surface temperature was 36.2°C, and the average relative humidity was 72.62%; and (4) the nesting habitat in Bukit Jaya Village was characterized by diverse vegetation growth forms, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbing plants (lianas). A total of 16 plant species belonging to 12 families were identified within the nesting habitat. The protection of nesting habitats should be continuously strengthened to help prevent the extinction of this valuable and iconic bird species.

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