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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies (Indones. J. Chem. Stud.)
Andri Hardiansyah
Research Center for Nanotechnology Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Banten 15314, Indonesia
Chemistry

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Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide/Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanocomposites via Planetary Ball Milling for Military Radar Absorbing Materials Gita Resty Amalia; Andri Hardiansyah; Anselmo Bima Rasendriya; Ismail Rahmadtullah; Andi Setiono; Riri Murniati
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud., June 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i1.67

Abstract

Stealth technology is widely used in the military field to avoid enemy detection. Consequently, there has been a significant surge in research related to radar-absorbing materials (RAMs). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are promising materials for developing RAMs. Combining TiO2 as a semiconductor with GNPs as a conductive material could increase the ability to absorb microwaves through a more effective energy dissipation mechanism. In our study, TiO2 and GNPs were fabricated using the planetary ball milling method. The structure and morphology of the resulting nanocomposites were evaluated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (FE-SEM EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). FE-SEM observations showed that TiO2 nanoparticles were attached to the surface of layered GNPs. XRD analysis showed a decrease in the peak intensity of the TiO2/GNP nanocomposites compared to pure TiO2 due to the addition of carbon elements. The performance of RAMs was evaluated using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) in the X-band (8-12 GHz) range with a 3-mm thickness. The VNA analysis indicated that the TiO2/GNP nanocomposites exhibited the optimal reflection loss (RL) of -30.72 dB at a frequency of 8.42 GHz, accompanied by a through power of 99.91%. Consequently, TiO2/GNP nanocomposites demonstrated promising potential as a military RAM.
Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene Nanoplatelets/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites as a Military Radar Absorbing Material Anselmo Bima Rasendriya; Andri Hardiansyah; Gita Resty Amalia; Ismail Rahmadtullah; Andi Setiono; M. Zuhnir Piliang; Hotma Renta
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud., June 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i1.69

Abstract

Stealth aircraft have the capability to intercept radar waves. One common technique involves the use of radar-absorbing materials (RAMs). This study focused on the synthesis of advanced lightweight functional materials derived from advanced carbon and semiconductor compounds for microwave absorbing through mechanical homogenization. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) possess excellent dielectric and magnetic loss capability due to their thermal conductivity, small particle size, large surface area, disordered structure, and lightweight nature. The GNP and ZnO were developed as advanced carbon and semiconductor nanocomposites using Planetary Ball Milling (PBM) at a ratio of 1:1. This approach aimed to improve the structure, morphology, and electromagnetic performance of the materials. A comparison between the nanocomposite materials and their precursors was conducted to clarify the advantages of using nanocomposites. FE-SEM showed the layered carbon sheets in GNP. XRD exhibited the alteration in the crystallite structure of ZnO, while FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of specific functional groups. In addition, the GNP/ZnO nanocomposites showed strong microwave polarization capabilities. Notably, the GNP/ZnO nanocomposite achieved the lowest RL value compared to the precursor materials with a value of -28.21 dB at 8.45 GHz and a thickness of 3 mm in the scope of X-band range. While the through power was calculated at 99.84%. Through mechanical homogenization, a well-structured disordered crystallite layered material was fabricated for military RAMs. In the industrial sector, GNP/ZnO nanocomposites showed promising potential as a lightweight and advanced functional material for future stealth aircraft applications.
Magnetite Functionalized on Graphene Nanoplatelets Surface as Radar Absorbing Matrix in X-Band Region Krisman Hans Tunggul Purba; Andri Hardiansyah; M. Zuhnir Piliang; Anisa Salsabila; Bintang Dwi Nur Rohmad; Riri Murniati
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.86

Abstract

The development of radar absorbing materials (RAM) is a crucial factor in advancing stealth technology, particularly in aerospace and defense sectors. In this study, a nanocomposite consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and Ferrous-Ferric Oxide (Fe3O4 ) was successfully synthesized through a mechanical homogenization process using Planetary Ball Milling (PBM). This method was selected to ensure uniform dispersion of the magnetic Fe3O4 particles within the conductive GNP matrix, aiming to combine their respective magnetic and dielectric loss mechanisms for enhanced microwave absorption. Surface morphology observations revealed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were homogeneously embedded on the wrinkled surface of the GNP layers, forming a well-integrated nanostructure. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the Fe3O4 maintained its characteristic spinel cubic structure following synthesis. The composite exhibited a noticeable reduction in crystallite size and overall crystallinity, which is attributed to the mechanical impact during milling and the disordered nature of GNP. These structural modifications facilitate enhanced multiple scattering and interfacial polarization, which contribute to microwave attenuation. The electromagnetic absorbing performance showed that the GNP/Fe3O4 nanocomposite achieved a maximum reflection loss (RL) of –13.9 dB at 11.46 GHz with optimal absorber thicknesses of 3 mm and 5 mm. Additionally, the composite exhibited a high absorption efficiency of 99.48% (based on through power calculation), indicating excellent performance in the X-band frequency range. Overall, the results suggest that this GNP/Fe3O4 nanocomposite offers promising potential as a lightweight, cost-effective, and efficient RAM for stealth technology.
Enhanced Electromagnetic Absorption of Polyaniline/Fe₃O₄ Nanocomposites in the X-Band Region: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Performance Annisa Salsabilla; Andri Hardiansyah; M. Zuhnir Piliang; Krisman H. T. Purba; Andi Setiono; Riri Murniati
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.88

Abstract

PANI can be used as a promising candidate for radar absorbing material. However, the PANI single-composition structure lacks sufficient loss mechanisms, resulting in limited absorption capabilities. This is because PANI is a non-magnetic material, so its microwave absorption properties mostly contributed to dielectric loss. Fe3O4 is highly attractive for enhancing the magnetic loss and electromagnetic attenuation. Therefore, the combination of Fe3O4 and PANI can improve the impedance matching of the nanocomposites while achieving the demand for lightweight. In this research, PANI/Fe3O4 is prepared via chemical oxidative polymerization. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites are characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The microwave parameters are measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The maximum reflection loss of PANI/Fe3O4 is up to -21.43 dB at 9.2 GHz with its thickness being 2 mm, and its absorption bandwidths exceeding -10 dB are in the range from 8.1 to 10.8 GHz with its thickness being in the range from 2-5 mm. It provides that PANI/Fe3O4 nanocomposites have a great potential application for radar absorbing material.
Co-Authors Andi Setiono Andi Setiono Anisa Salsabila Annisa Salsabilla Anselmo Bima Rasendriya Bintang Dwi Nur Rohmad Gita Resty Amalia Hotma Renta Ismail Rahmadtullah Krisman H. T. Purba Krisman Hans Tunggul Purba M. Zuhnir Piliang M. Zuhnir Piliang Riri Murniati Riri Murniati Riri Murniati