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All Journal Jurnal Integrasi dan Harmoni Inovatif Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Pendidikan (JEBP)
Sami Kamil Abd
University of Wasit
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Social Sciences Other

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THE ROLE OF BANKING CREDIT IN PROMOTING GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH IN IRAQ DURING THE PERIOD (2004–2022) Sami Kamil Abd
Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Pendidikan Vol. 6 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17977/um066.v6.i6.2026.4

Abstract

The research was mainly based on clarifying the concept of bank credit and gross domestic product and investigating the direction of the relationship between them based on annual data for the period 2004-2022, Analyzing the total bank credit, both contractual and monetary, and knowing the extent of its impact on economic growth (gross domestic product, What confirms this is the development of economic plans and permanent reforms adopted by countries in order to ensure the development of the total bank credit provided and achieve its positive effects on the macroeconomic variables in general and the gross domestic product in particular. The problem of this research revolves around the following two main questions: Are the variables of the total bank credit (contractual and monetary) The research reached several results, the most important of which is the direct relationship between the total bank credit granted and the gross domestic product during the research period, in addition to the increase in the gross domestic product during the research period regardless of the economic, political and social conditions and its great connection to the export of crude oil, Among the most important proposals presented by the study is the need for economic decision makers in the country to pay attention, focus on, and monitor the development of the volume of contractual bank credit, as well as work to achieve security, political, and social stability. The Central Bank of Iraq must enact laws that direct bank credit toward productive economic sectors and the growth they achieve in the gross domestic product.
An economic analysis of public government expenditure and its role in attracting foreign direct investment in Iraq during the Period 2004–2022 Sami Kamil Abd
Jurnal Integrasi dan Harmoni Inovatif Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17977/um063.v6.i3.2026.5

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the economic contribution of public spending to attracting foreign direct investment in Iraq during the period 2003–2023. Government spending is considered a key tool of fiscal policy that can improve the investment climate and boost economic activity. Public spending, particularly investment spending on developing the country's infrastructure, contributes to creating a suitable economic environment for attracting foreign capital. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the relationship between public expenditures and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Iraq during the study period, using annual data from official bodies and international organizations. The study concluded that a relationship exists between public expenditures and FDI, as increased government spending contributes to improving infrastructure and economic services in Iraq. This enhances foreign investor confidence and encourages investment flows into the Iraqi economy. The findings also demonstrated that weak political and economic stability, coupled with heavy reliance on the oil sector, are among the most significant challenges hindering Iraq's ability to attract further foreign investment. The study recommended redirecting public spending towards productive sectors and infrastructure, improving the investment climate, strengthening economic and legislative stability, and enhancing administrative procedures and modernizing investment laws to increase foreign direct investment inflows and support economic development in Iraq.
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