Article Per Year (5 Year)
p-Index From 2021 - 2026
0.23
P-Index
This Author published in this journals
All Journal International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences
Yoan Purnamasari Makapuase Bahalau
Program Studi Perbankan dan Keuangan Digital, Akademi Bisnis dan Keuangan Primaniyarta
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences Other

Published : 1 Documents Claim Missing Document
Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

Found 1 Documents
Search

 1 
Apakah APEC Memfasilitasi Perdagangan Bilateral? Bukti dari Estimasi Model Gravitasi Marthin Thomas Mumbunan; Marianus Antonius Muga; Yoan Purnamasari Makapuase Bahalau
International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS) Vol 5 No 6 (2026): IJHESS JUNE 2026
Publisher : CV. AFDIFAL MAJU BERKAH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55227/ijhess.v5i6.2439

Abstract

Trade agreements and regional forums such as the Asia‑Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are key instruments in promoting trade liberalization, though their effectiveness in enhancing bilateral trade flows remains contested. Unlike FTAs, which are legally binding and involve tariff and non‑tariff reductions, APEC is a non‑binding forum that facilitates trade through policy harmonization, cost reduction, and improved connectivity. This study evaluates the impact of APEC and FTAs on bilateral trade using the gravity model with Poisson Pseudo‑Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation, complemented by Pooled OLS for comparison. The results show that APEC membership has a broader and more consistent positive effect on bilateral trade than FTAs, despite the latter’s binding nature. Geographic distance remains a significant barrier, while exchange‑rate fluctuations are largely insignificant. The findings highlight that APEC’s effectiveness is shaped not only by institutional design but also by structural and domestic factors, underscoring the need for adaptive trade policies tailored to country‑specific contexts
Co-Authors Marianus Antonius Muga Marthin Thomas Mumbunan