<![CDATA[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk dan pelaksanaan tanggung jawab hukum ekspeditur dalam pengiriman barang melalui moda transportasi udara dan darat, serta implikasinya terhadap perlindungan konsumen. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris dengan pendekatan kualitatif, melalui studi pustaka dan wawancara terhadap dua perusahaan ekspedisi di Makassar, yaitu J&T Cargo dan Ita Trans Cargo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspeditur menerapkan prinsip tanggung jawab berdasarkan kesalahan (liability based on fault), namun dengan perbedaan sistem ekspeditur udara lebih terstruktur, sedangkan ekspeditur darat bersifat konvensional. Prinsip presumption of liability mulai diterapkan secara terbatas, sementara strict liability dan jaminan tanpa syarat belum menjadi standar. Pembatasan tanggung jawab masih ditemukan dalam praktik perjanjian. Kondisi ini menunjukkan pentingnya standarisasi nasional dan penegakan regulasi untuk menjamin hak-hak konsumen secara merata di seluruh moda transportasi. This research aims to analyze the form and implementation of forwarders' legal responsibilities in sending goods via air and land transportation modes, as well as the implications for consumer protection. The method used is empirical juridical with a qualitative approach, through literature study and interviews with two expedition companies in Makassar, namely J&T Cargo and Ita Trans Cargo. The research results show that the forwarder applies the principle of responsibility based on fault, but with the difference that the air forwarder system is more structured, while the land forwarder system is conventional. The principle of presumption of liability is starting to be applied on a limited basis, while strict liability and unconditional guarantees have not yet become standards. Limitations of liability are still found in agreement practice. This condition shows the importance of national standardization and enforcement of regulations to guarantee consumer rights equally across all modes of transportation.]]>
