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All Journal Al-Qarawiyyin: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin TAJDID Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin
Hashim Mohammed Adam Hasabalh
Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
Religion Humanities Education Social Sciences Other

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The Problem of Determinism in Machine Learning: Ashʻarite and Muʻtazilite Free Will Perspectives Fauziah Hanum Siregar; Indra Harahap; Sholahuddin Ashani; Hashim Mohammed Adam Hasabalh
Al-Qarawiyyin: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026): Islamic Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Yayasan Albahriah Jamiah Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64691/swkng003

Abstract

The problem of determinism in machine learning is becoming increasingly relevant as predictive analytics, recommendation systems, and algorithmic profiling model human behavior as predictable statistical patterns. Modern studies of the philosophy of technology generally address this issue within the framework of secular rationalism. At the same time, the contribution of classical Islamic theology to the critique of digital determinism remains limited. This study aims to analyze the problem of algorithmic determinism by reconstructing the Ashʻarite and Muʻtazilite concepts of free will and to assess their relevance as a critical framework for the metaphysical assumptions of machine learning. This research is a literature study with a philosophical-theological approach, grounded in a hermeneutic reading of primary kalām texts and a conceptual-critical analysis of contemporary machine learning literature. The results show that determinism in machine learning is both operational and epistemic, as algorithmic predictions rely on probabilistic correlations rather than final causality in human actions. The Ashʻarite perspective, through the concept of kasb, shows limited compatibility with digital predictive systems by distinguishing between the creation of actions and the subject’s moral responsibility. In contrast, the Muʻtazilite affirmed human rational autonomy and the causal efficacy of actions, thereby demonstrating the limitations of algorithmic deterministic claims in explaining ethical freedom. A comparison of the two suggests that machine learning does not eliminate free will but only enhances the capacity to predict behavior. This research confirms that classical kalām can serve as a critical framework for evaluating the metaphysical assumptions of contemporary digital technology.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN AS EDUCATORS ACCORDING TO THE HADITH: Strategies to Strengthen the Role of Mothers in Educating the Nation’s Children Ismail Nasution; Ahmad Zuhri; Ardiansyah; Hashim Mohammed Adam Hasabalh
TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin Vol. 24 No. 2 (2025): Ushuluddin and Religious Studies
Publisher : Faculty of Ushuluddin and Religious Studies UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30631/tjd.v24i2.5224

Abstract

From an Islamic perspective, women hold a strategic position as the first and primary educators of children, particularly through mothers’ roles in shaping the morals, faith, and personality of the nation’s next generation. Social reality shows that modernization and lifestyle changes often marginalize mothers’ roles in children’s education. This study aims to examine the role of women as educators as outlined in the Hadith and to formulate strategies to strengthen mothers’ roles in educating the nation’s children. The research method is a qualitative study with a library approach, using thematic analysis of Hadith to examine the position of mothers in education and their relevance to the current context. The results show that Hadith consistently emphasize the role of mothers as the first madrasah for children, with the responsibility to instill values of faith, shape noble morals, and educate children to contribute positively to society. Strategies to strengthen the role of mothers include increasing hadith literacy among women, integrating mothers’ roles into the family education system, and providing institutional support and public policies that strengthen family functions. Furthermore, it was found that enhancing mothers’ roles requires structural support, including adequate religious literacy, a collaborative family ecosystem, and socio-cultural reconstruction that enables women to fulfill their pedagogical functions in an empowered and sustainable manner. In conclusion, the hadith emphasizes that mothers not only play a role in domestic education but also make a major contribution to building the nation’s quality through their children’s education.
Co-Authors Ahmad Zuhri Ardiansyah Fauziah Hanum Siregar Indra Harahap Ismail Nasution Sholahuddin Ashani