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Manuel Fortunato D.C.T.
Universitas Katolik Widya Karya
Control & Systems Engineering Energy Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN INITIAL HEATING TEMPERATURE AND MESH SIZE ON THE HARDNESS VALUE AND CALORIFICATION VALUE OF CANDLECRON SHELL BRIQUETTE Manuel Fortunato D.C.T.; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Danang Murdiyanto
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Juni: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v4i1.174

Abstract

One of the promising renewable energy sources is biomass, particularly underutilized candlenut shells, which can be processed into briquettes as a superior alternative to charcoal. This study aimed to utilize candlenut shell waste for briquette production, evaluating hardness and calorific value under varying carbonization temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) and mesh sizes (30 and 100). Briquettes were produced via carbonization and compression. Hardness was measured using a durometer, yielding the highest value of 76.33 HA at 600°C and 100 mesh, and the lowest of 43.58 HA at 400°C and 30 mesh. Calorific value, determined by bomb calorimetry, peaked at 7834.70 cal/g for 500°C and 30 mesh, while the lowest was 5085.24 cal/g at 500°C and 100 mesh. These results demonstrate that optimized carbonization and particle size enhance briquette quality, promoting sustainable biomass utilization for energy applications.
Co-Authors Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu Murdiyanto, Danang