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All Journal IMPROVEMENT: Jurnal Ilmiah untuk peningkatan mutu manajemen pendidikan International Journal of Law and Society
Syahrul Ramadhan
Al-Mustafa International University, Iran
Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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KEBIJAKAN KOLONIAL DALAM MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN KRISTEN DI INDONESIA SEBELUM MASA POLITIK ETIS Kemas Badaruddin; Siti Zaila; Mirrah Salsabila; Syahrul Ramadhan
Improvement: Jurnal Ilmiah untuk Peningkatan Mutu Manajemen Pendidikan Vol. 11 No. 2 (2024): Improvement: Jurnal Ilmiah Untuk Peningkatan Mutu Manajemen Pendidikan
Publisher : Program Studi Manajemen Pendidikan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21009/improvement.v11i2.51314

Abstract

The field of education in the colonial era is often studied in the context of the implementation of the Ethical Policy, one of which is based on the speech of Queen Wilhelmina in 1901 which emphasized that the Netherlands is a Christian country and is committed to helping the mission of that religion. This research attempts to answer the formulation of questions about political policies in Christian education management prior to the Ethical Politics period. The methodology used is a historical research type by going through literature searches, evaluating, verifying, and synthesizing evidence from the data collected. The results of this study indicate that education management policies have been pursued by the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) since the early 17th century, where due to the influence of religious wars, this trading partnership also tried to replace Portuguese domination and Catholicism in Indonesia. The form of education in that era was still simple to teach obedience and religious rituals in individual teaching without class levels. Apart from a shortage of experienced educators, Dutch language was less popular than Portuguese and Malay. After the company collapsed in 1799, the Dutch government was neutral towards religious affairs since 1808. This caused many "Zending" (Protestant Evangelism) bodies to spread religion as well as establish a number of educational institutions as happened in Minahasa (since the 1830s) and in Batak lands (since the 1860s).
Local Kyai's Religious Elite Transformation and Governance Paradox: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Iran Radius Setiyawan; Waode Hamsiah; Holy Ichda Wahyuni; Syahrul Ramadhan; Eka Firmansyah
International Journal of Law and Society Vol 5 No 2 (2026): International Journal of Law and Society (IJLS)
Publisher : NAJAHA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59683/ijls.v5i2.222

Abstract

The intersection of religious authority and political power presents critical governance challenges in Muslim-majority societies, yet systematic comparative frameworks remain limited. This study examines the political agency of religious elites, kyais in Madura, Indonesia, and ulama in Iran, across two structurally distinct institutional contexts: a democratic-electoral system and a theocratic-constitutional system. Using a Most Different Systems Design (MDSD), this study treats religious elites as the primary unit of analysis, addressing cross-level comparability between Madura as a subnational region and Iran as a nation-state at the actor level rather than the systemic level. A qualitative comparative case study within an interpretivist-constructivist paradigm was employed, drawing on interviews, participant observation, FGDs, and document analysis across four regencies in Madura (November 2023–May 2024), supplemented by expert consultations for the Iranian context. Findings reveal two fundamentally divergent trajectories: Madura exhibits pragmatic-electoral engagement producing significant regional variation, while Iran demonstrates constitutional institutionalization through the Wilayat al-Faqih doctrine. Three distinct actor network configurations were identified: hierarchical-institutional (Iran), multipolar-informal (Bangkalan), and pluralistic-deliberative (Sumenep). Paradoxically, religious elite political engagement reinforces exclusive governance practices in both contexts, intensifying clientelism in Madura while generating complex dual accountability structures with limited public participation in Iran. This study proposes that governance quality under religious elite agency is mediated by institutionalization, ideological coherence, and actor network configuration, with direct relevance to SDG 16.
Co-Authors Eka Firmansyah Holy Ichda Wahyuni Kemas Badaruddin Mirrah Salsabila Radius Setiyawan Siti Zaila Waode Hamsiah