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All Journal Jurnal Ilmu Hukum UIN Law Review: Jurnal Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia
Raihan Muhammad
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Meneropong Problematika Konsep Kewajiban Asasi Manusia di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia Raihan Muhammad
UIN Law Review: Jurnal Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): UIN Law Review
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/076de144

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji problematika konsep kewajiban asasi manusia di Indonesia dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia. Dalam kerangka HAM, individu ditempatkan sebagai pemegang hak, sementara negara sebagai pemikul kewajiban. Namun, hukum positif Indonesia—terutama UUD NRI 1945 dan UU No. 39 Tahun 1999—memperluas kewajiban hingga mencakup individu serta menjadikannya sebagai dasar pembatasan hak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya ambiguitas konseptual, seperti kaburnya pembedaan antara pemegang hak dan pemikul kewajiban, perluasan kewajiban individu tanpa batas yang jelas, serta potensi menjadikan hak bersifat kondisional. Konstruksi ini berimplikasi pada melemahnya akuntabilitas negara dan terbukanya ruang pembatasan hak yang tidak sah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penataan ulang kerangka normatif yang menegaskan kembali hak sebagai pusat pelindungan, memperketat standar pembatasan, serta menempatkan negara sebagai pemikul kewajiban utama.
Menimbang Ulang Program Makan Bergizi Gratis: Antara Kewajiban Negara dan Risiko Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Raihan Muhammad
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026): Jurnal Ilmu Hukum
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30652/cngzcv27

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the problems of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) from a human rights perspective and to formulate policy reform directions aligned with the fulfillment of the right to food. This issue is significant because a program designed to improve nutritional status has revealed various implementation challenges, including food safety, nutritional quality, governance, and budgetary implications for other sectors. This study employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach by examining legal doctrines, scholarly literature, and empirical evidence derived from policy reports and findings. The results demonstrate that MBG continues to experience structural shortcomings in fulfilling the right to food, as reflected in weak oversight, unequal benefit distribution, limited public participation, and a policy orientation that prioritizes quantity over quality. Furthermore, the program’s budgetary policy has the potential to generate conflicts among the fulfillment of different rights, thereby failing to reflect an integrated rights-based approach. The novelty of this study lies in the development of an evaluation and policy reform model for MBG based on the Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA), integrating the PANEL principles, the capability approach, and right-to-food-based evaluation indicators as a comprehensive framework for assessing and improving policy design and implementation. This reform model is expected to enhance policy effectiveness while ensuring the fulfillment of the right to food in a safe, adequate, equitable, and sustainable manner.
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