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All Journal JSFK (Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis) Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Practice Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Practice
Mabrurotul Mustafidah
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Banten 15412, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Analysis of Porcine Gelatin in Hard Capsule Shells by Using A Combination of FTIR and Principal Component Analysis Methods Zilhadia; Mabrurotul Mustafidah; Herdini; Chairul Amin Muhammad
JSFK (Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis) Vol 13 No 1 (2026): J Sains Farm Klin 13(1), April 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jsfk.13.1.84-89.2026

Abstract

This study aims to conduct a halal analysis of hard capsule shells by using a combination of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods. The study was conducted by extracting gelatin from commercial hard capsule shells containing drugs and then measuring their absorbance by using FTIR. As a comparison, gelatin extracted from a simulated hard capsule shell was used. The FTIR spectrum data was analyzed by using PCA. The results of the analysis showed that the FTIR spectra of bovine and porcine gelatin were very similar, but PCA could classify the differences. The absorbance (appearing as a spectrum peak), which plays a significant role in the classification of bovine and porcine gelatin, was at wavenumbers 1455 cm-1 and 1409 cm-1. The PCA analysis showed that samples A and D had properties similar to porcine gelatin, sample C had properties similar to hard capsule shells made from porcine gelatin, sample B had properties similar to bovine gelatin, and sample E had properties similar to hard capsule shells from bovine gelatin. These results indicate that bovine gelatin and porcine gelatin in simulated hard capsule shells can be distinguished based on the FTIR spectrum combined with PCA. Commercial hard capsule shells can be classified based on their similar properties to bovine and porcine gelatin. However, this research could not confirm the exact source of the gelatin.
Penemuan Kandidat Inhibitor DPP-4 dari Cassia auriculata melalui Molecular Docking Ganda Menggunakan GNINA dan PLANTS Adha Dastu Illahi; Tifany Maulida Candra; Imam Lukmanul Hakim; Delila Eliza; Mabrurotul Mustafidah; Ezekiel Makambwa
Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Practice Vol. 1 No. 3 (2026): Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Practice
Publisher : PT Bukuloka Literasi Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.65307/jpcp.v1i3.242

Abstract

Cassia auriculata is a medicinal plant recognized for its rich phytochemical composition and potential antidiabetic properties. However, the reliability of virtual screening is often influenced by the choice of docking algorithm and scoring function, leading to variations in compound prioritization. This study aimed to identify potential dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors from C. auriculata phytochemicals using a consensus molecular docking strategy integrating GNINA and PLANTS. A total of 96 phytochemicals were docked against the DPP-4 crystal structure (PDB ID: 5Y7H), followed by Min–Max normalization of docking scores, consensus score calculation, Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses, and Venn analysis. GNINA and PLANTS produced significantly correlated normalized docking scores (Pearson r = 0.5829, p < 0.001; Spearman ρ = 0.5684, p < 0.001), indicating a moderate level of agreement despite their distinct scoring functions and search algorithms. Venn analysis identified 13 consensus compounds among the top-ranked candidates, while consensus scoring further prioritized Gambiriin A3, Asparanin B, Hordatine A, Albanol A, Isoorientin 7-glucoside, Epicatechin gallate, Campesteryl p-coumarate, Catechin, Orcein, and Auriculine, with Gambiriin A3 achieving the highest consensus score. Structural comparison revealed that the highest-ranked compounds predominantly possessed polyphenolic scaffolds characterized by multiple hydroxyl groups and aromatic ring systems, features commonly associated with favorable ligand–protein recognition. The integration of GNINA and PLANTS through score normalization and consensus ranking provides a systematic and reliable strategy for prioritizing potential natural DPP-4 inhibitors and identifies several promising phytochemicals from Cassia auriculata for subsequent experimental validation.
Penemuan Kandidat Inhibitor DPP-4 dari Cassia auriculata melalui Molecular Docking Ganda Menggunakan GNINA dan PLANTS Adha Dastu Illahi; Tifany Maulida Candra; Imam Lukmanul Hakim; Delila Eliza; Mabrurotul Mustafidah; Ezekiel Makambwa
Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Practice Vol. 1 No. 3 (2026): Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Practice
Publisher : PT Bukuloka Literasi Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.65307/jpcp.v1i3.242

Abstract

Cassia auriculata is a medicinal plant recognized for its rich phytochemical composition and potential antidiabetic properties. However, the reliability of virtual screening is often influenced by the choice of docking algorithm and scoring function, leading to variations in compound prioritization. This study aimed to identify potential dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors from C. auriculata phytochemicals using a consensus molecular docking strategy integrating GNINA and PLANTS. A total of 96 phytochemicals were docked against the DPP-4 crystal structure (PDB ID: 5Y7H), followed by Min–Max normalization of docking scores, consensus score calculation, Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses, and Venn analysis. GNINA and PLANTS produced significantly correlated normalized docking scores (Pearson r = 0.5829, p < 0.001; Spearman ρ = 0.5684, p < 0.001), indicating a moderate level of agreement despite their distinct scoring functions and search algorithms. Venn analysis identified 13 consensus compounds among the top-ranked candidates, while consensus scoring further prioritized Gambiriin A3, Asparanin B, Hordatine A, Albanol A, Isoorientin 7-glucoside, Epicatechin gallate, Campesteryl p-coumarate, Catechin, Orcein, and Auriculine, with Gambiriin A3 achieving the highest consensus score. Structural comparison revealed that the highest-ranked compounds predominantly possessed polyphenolic scaffolds characterized by multiple hydroxyl groups and aromatic ring systems, features commonly associated with favorable ligand–protein recognition. The integration of GNINA and PLANTS through score normalization and consensus ranking provides a systematic and reliable strategy for prioritizing potential natural DPP-4 inhibitors and identifies several promising phytochemicals from Cassia auriculata for subsequent experimental validation.
Co-Authors Adha Dastu Illahi Chairul Amin Muhammad Delila Eliza Ezekiel Makambwa Herdini Imam Lukmanul Hakim Tifany Maulida Candra Zilhadia