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All Journal International Journal of Law and Society FENOMENA: Journal of Social Science Journal of Law and Legal Reform
Muhammad Mutawalli Mukhlis
Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Majene, Indonesia
Humanities Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Kashmir at the Nexus of Geopolitics: Reinterpreting Mackinder’s Heartland Theory in the Asian Security Dilemma Mirela Imširović; Adnan Kapo; Georges Olemanu Lohalo; Souliya Mounnarath; Muhammad Mutawalli Mukhlis
International Journal of Law and Society Vol 5 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Law and Society (IJLS)
Publisher : NAJAHA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59683/ijls.v5i1.321

Abstract

The Kashmir issue is a long-standing international dispute with significant regional and global implications for contemporary relations, marked by episodic tensions, sovereignty questions, and humanitarian concerns. Despite decades of negotiations, sustained United Nations engagement, and bilateral dialogue, the issue remains unresolved, while the continued involvement of international regulatory systems reflects ongoing efforts to support regional stability and constructive dialogue. By revisiting Halford Mackinder’s Heartland theory, the paper highlights the strategic significance of Kashmir within the broader Asian geographical context and security dynamics. Located at the intersection of South Asia, Central Asia, and China’s western edge, Kashmir represents a crucial focal point for India and Pakistan, a condition that further contributes to the persistence and complexity of competing claims. Methodologically, the study uses a qualitative research design that combines analysis with contextual assessment. The methodological approach includes a review of classical geopolitical theory and an examination of Kashmir's strategic location between South and Central Asia. The findings highlight the enduring significance of Kashmir not only as a geographic and strategic pivot, but also as a region that exemplifies the complex interactions between regional actors and broader international dynamics. By integrating classical geopolitical insights with an understanding of contemporary strategic considerations, the paper provides a comprehensive perspective on why Kashmir continues to shape security, diplomacy, and strategic planning in Asia.
Democratic State Governance: The Urgency of Implementing Conventions in Constitutional Practices in Indonesia Muhammad Mutawalli Mukhlis; Paul Atagamen Aidonojie; Zulhilmi Paidi; Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin
Fenomena Vol 23 No 1 (2024): FENOMENA: Journal of the Social Sciences
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/fenomena.v23i1.155

Abstract

Constitutional conventions are often used with different meanings depending on the context of the discussion. Constitutional conventions are only limited to agreements between bilateral and multilateral countries, agreements among international law subjects, meetings of political, legislative, fraternal members or representatives, and other organizations. Constitutional conventions are not formed and built from laws, court decisions, or parliamentary customs but are outside of them to regulate political behavior. This research aims to determine the urgency of constitutional practice conventions in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative research. The method used in this research is a normative legal research method. This research concludes that the Convention in constitutional practice in Indonesia has an essential urgency in forming and regulating government governance. The urgency of conventions in constitutional practice is to perfect the constitutional system, empower state institutions, develop constitutional law, and provide crisis resolution in politics.
Law Reform in Parliamentary Democratization: A Comparative Study of Legislative Terms in Indonesia, Philippines, and the United States of America Muhammad Mutawalli Mukhlis; Hariyanto Hariyanto; Maskun Maskun; Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin; Andi Tenri Yeyeng
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 3 (2025): July, 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i3.20664

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to compare the taxation policies of legislative members’ terms of office in Indonesia with the Philippines and the United States, along with an analysis of the urgency of the legislative member’s term of office. The study methodology employed is normative legal research. The findings of the research show that the legislative member’s term of office has not been regulated in the Indonesian constitution because Law No. 17 of 2014 only regulates the length of office in one period. This is distinct to the Philippines, which establishes a term limit for legislative members, where the term of office of senate members is 6 years and may be re-elected twice, while the term of office for the House of Representatives is 3 years and can be re-elected in three terms. Meanwhile, in the United States, there is also no regulation regarding the taking of terms of office, only the term of office of legislative members in the United States is only 2 (two) years each period, while in Indonesia it is quite long, namely 5 (five) years.
Co-Authors Adnan Kapo Andi Tenri Yeyeng Georges Olemanu Lohalo HARIYANTO HARIYANTO Maskun Maskun Mirela Imširović Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin Paul Atagamen Aidonojie Souliya Mounnarath Zulhilmi Paidi