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All Journal JMES: The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences
Sudirman Rizki Ariyanto
Department of Automotive Engineering Technology, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, 60231, Indonesia
Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Enhancing Biocrude and Hydrochar Production from Water Hyacinth via Hydrothermal Processing and Particle Flow Analysis Aji Nugroho; Eka Dwi Ariyanto; Sudirman Rizki Ariyanto; Lailatus Sa’diyah Yuniar Arifianti; Shu-San Hsiau
JMES: The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences Vol 10 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : LPPM, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25807471.v10i1.23489

Abstract

This study investigates the hydrothermal conversion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) into biocrude and hydrochar using a continuous stainless-steel reactor (2 L, 250-350◦C, 10-25 MPa). The effects of temperature, pressure, biomass-to-water ratio (1:3 to 1:10), and residence time (30-120 min) on product yield and quality were systematically examined. Particle dynamics and fluid flow within the reactor were analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) coupling, employing the Hertz-Mindlin contact model and Gidaspow drag law with a time step of 1 ×10−5 s. Results show that increasing temperature from 250◦C to 350◦C raised biocrude yield from 50 g to 70 g, while pressure increases (10-25 MPa) enhanced hydrochar yield from 30 g to 40 g. The optimal biomass-to-water ratio of 1:7 produced a hydrochar carbon content of 70%, and a residence time of 90 min maximized conversion efficiency at approximately 76.7%. CFD-DEM simulations revealed that higher pressures increased particle collision frequency, promoting biomass fragmentation and improving reaction surface area. These findings provide quantitative insights into optimizing hydrothermal reactor conditions for sustainable biomass conversion.
Optimizing Motorcycle Combustion System for Carbon Monoxide Emission Reduction Using the Taguchi Method Lailatus Sa’diyah Yuniar Arifianti; Ata Syifa’ Nugraha; Sudirman Rizki Ariyanto; Muhammad Rasyid Ridho
JMES: The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences Vol 9 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : LPPM, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25807471.v9i2.23192

Abstract

In Indonesia, the dominance of motorcycles as the primary mode of transportation has created a significant urban air quality crisis, largely driven by exhaust emissions. Carbon monoxide (CO), a key indicator of incomplete combustion, poses a serious risk to public health and the environment. While previous studies have examined engine parameters such as spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel quality in isolation, this study addresses a critical gap by shifting from single-factor analysis to a holistic, multi-parameter optimization. This approach is unique in its application of the Taguchi Method to identify a robust, real-world solution specifically tailored to the Indonesian context. We systematically optimized a motorcycle’s combustion system by evaluating three key parameters—fuel type, spark plug type, and ignition coil—at three levels each. Using an L9 Orthogonal Array and a smaller-the-better Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio, we aimed to minimize CO emissions. The results identified an optimal configuration of Mobil-brand fuel, an NGK Iridium spark plug, and a Suzuki A100 coil, which achieved a 42.03% reduction in CO emissions compared to the standard setup. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed that fuel quality is the overwhelmingly dominant factor, contributing nearly 90% to the outcome. These findings provide a practical, low-cost emission control strategy with direct policy relevance for Indonesia, offering a clear path for vehicle maintenance shops and owners to contribute to cleaner air and support sustainable transportation goals.
Co-Authors Aji Nugroho Ata Syifa’ Nugraha Eka Dwi Ariyanto Lailatus Sa’diyah Yuniar Arifianti Muhammad Rasyid Ridho Shu-San Hsiau