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All Journal Dalihan Na Tolu : Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Diwan Jagad Raya Mohamad
Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Other

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Reconstructing the Sentencing Paradigm: From Normative Dimensions to Human Rights‑Based Implementation in Indonesia's New Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code Diwan Jagad Raya Mohamad
Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Publisher : SEAN Institute

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Abstract

The enactment of Indonesia's new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023) marks a historic normative shift from the colonial‑era retributive paradigm toward a pluralistic sentencing framework that explicitly integrates rehabilitation, restorative justice, and human rights protection. However, this legislative achievement remains incomplete and largely aspirational unless accompanied by effective implementation. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to critically examine the gaps between the new Code's human rights‑based provisions and the entrenched realities of judicial practice. The analysis identifies three fundamental barriers: a deeply rooted punitive judicial culture that defaults to imprisonment even when alternative sanctions are legally available; severe institutional capacity deficits, including understaffed probation services and the absence of national databases for community‑based programs; and the lack of meaningful appellate accountability for proportionality and human rights compliance. Without comprehensive strategies judicial training on human rights‑based sentencing, the establishment of a Sentencing Commission to develop empirical guidelines, procedural reforms to strengthen the draft Criminal Procedure Code, and sustained investment in alternative sanctions the new KUHP risks becoming a dead letter. The conclusion affirms that normative reform alone is insufficient; genuine reconstruction requires operational machinery, cultural transformation, and unwavering political commitment to place human dignity at the center of every sentence imposed.
Weaknesses of E-Commerce Regulations in Protecting Couriers from Consumer Default Risk in COD Transactions Diwan Jagad Raya Mohamad; Dolot Alhasni Bakung; Fitran Amrain
Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Publisher : SEAN Institute

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Abstract

The rapid growth of e-commerce and cash-on-delivery (COD) transactions in Indonesia has exposed a critical regulatory gap: delivery couriers remain legally unprotected against consumer default, despite bearing substantial operational and financial risks. This study examines the weaknesses of Indonesian e-commerce regulations in protecting couriers from consumer default in COD transactions. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by empirical data from semi-structured interviews with couriers and documentation of dispute cases, this study reveals two fundamental regulatory failures. First, the current legal framework, particularly Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, remains trapped in an outdated bipartite paradigm that recognizes only consumers and business actors, rendering couriers legally invisible and devoid of clear legal standing. Second, existing protections are exclusively repressive, responding to harm only after disputes or violence occur, while no preventive mechanisms such as mandatory compensation schemes, buyer verification systems, or accessible dispute resolution exist to deter consumer default or mitigate couriers' economic losses. Consequently, couriers bear the entire risk of default despite having no control over product quality or consumer conduct. This study concludes that legislative reform is urgently needed to recognize couriers as distinct legal subjects and to establish preventive-protective regulations ensuring justice for essential workers in Indonesia's digital economy.
Co-Authors Dolot Alhasni Bakung Fitran Amrain