<![CDATA[Background: Indonesia continues to face stagnation in contraceptive use and high maternal mortality despite long-standing family planning programs. The effectiveness of family planning communication varies across information channels, and existing studies largely rely on conventional regression methods that are vulnerable to selection bias.Methods: This study utilizes cross-sectional data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey, focusing on married women aged 15–49 with a total 49,627. A Propensity Score Matching approach is applied to reduce selection bias by constructing comparable socio-demographic characteristics. The analysis evaluates exposure to six family planning information channels: radio, television, newspapers or magazines, family planning field officers, internet use, and frequency of internet use.Result: The findings indicate substantial variation in the effectiveness of communication channels. Television exposure and direct communication from family planning field officers significantly increase the likelihood of contraceptive use with 95% CI 0.0318-0.0568 and 0.0425-0.1123. Internet-based exposure is associated with a lower probability of contraceptive use, suggesting challenges related to misinformation and unverified digital content.Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the impact of family planning communication depends strongly on the modality and credibility of information sources. Interpersonal counseling and audiovisual media remain the most effective strategies for promoting contraceptive adoption. These results provide new causal evidence to inform more targeted and effective family planning communication strategies in Indonesia.]]>
