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All Journal Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control Indonesian Journal of Data and Science
Azlan Mohd Zain
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Mathematics

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Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Heavy Crude Oil Viscosity Prediction Using Repeated Nested Cross-Validation and Independent Holdout Testing Enggie Hendrawan Saputra; Ilham Ari Elbaith Zaeni; Didik Dwi Prasetya; Azlan Mohd Zain; Welly Antonius; I Made Wirawan
Indonesian Journal of Data and Science Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Data and Science
Publisher : yocto brain

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56705/ijodas.v7i2.455

Abstract

Introduction: Accurate prediction of heavy crude oil viscosity is important for reservoir engineering, production planning, and flow assurance because viscosity strongly affects fluid mobility and transport behavior. This study comparatively evaluates established machine learning models under a rigorous validation protocol rather than proposing a new predictive framework. Method: A published Middle Eastern heavy crude-oil dataset containing 196 development measurements and 47 independent holdout measurements was used. Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and the Beggs–Robinson correlation were evaluated using repeated nested cross-validation with five outer folds repeated twice and five inner folds. Preprocessing and hyperparameter selection were embedded within the validation pipeline, while the untouched holdout set was used only for final evaluation. Results and Discussion: Gradient Boosting achieved the best internal performance with R² = 0.99313 and RMSE = 11.41 cP. On the independent holdout set, it achieved R² = 0.99308, RMSE = 8.43 cP, MAE = 6.64 cP, and MAPE = 0.78%, outperforming Random Forest and Support Vector Regression. Residual diagnostics showed no detectable heteroscedasticity, while permutation importance identified temperature and C7+ as the dominant predictors. Conclusion: Gradient Boosting provides highly accurate viscosity predictions within the sampled domain; however, the absence of row-level oil identifiers and external reservoir data limits conclusions regarding oil-disjoint and field-level generalization.
Comparative Evaluation of BM25–FAISS and Small-LLM–GPT in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Concept Map Assessment Maskur Maskur; Didik Dwi Prasetya; Triyanna Widiyaningtyas; Azlan Mohd Zain
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/kinetik.v11i1.2594

Abstract

Concept map-based assessment is a practical approach to measure students’ conceptual understanding, but manual assessment still faces challenges such as subjectivity, inconsistency, and limited scalability. This study proposes the application of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) as an artificial intelligence-based automated assessment solution in an educational context. The objectives of this study are to compare the effectiveness of two retrieval methods, BM25 and FAISS, and to analyse the trade-off between large-scale generative models (GPT) and Small-LLM in assessing concept map propositions. This study uses a quantitative experimental approach by combining a retriever and a generator in the RAG system. Performance evaluation is carried out using the Macro-F1 and QWK metrics to measure agreement with expert judgment, and the Explanation Relevance Score (ERS) to assess explanation quality. The experimental results show that the FAISS–GPT combination achieves the best performance, with a Macro-F1 of 0.338 and a QWK of 0.146, slightly superior to the BM25–GPT combination. In contrast, the use of Small-LLM, both with BM25 and FAISS, showed lower performance with Macro-F1 values in the range of 0.167–0.221 and QWK close to zero. This finding confirms that semantic-based retrieval plays a vital role in improving the accuracy of automated assessment, while large-scale generative models are more effective in representing conceptual relationships in depth. This study contributes through a comparative analysis of retrievers and generators, and by introducing ERS as an additional metric for RAG-based automated assessment in the field of education.
Co-Authors Didik Dwi Prasetya Enggie Hendrawan Saputra I Made Wirawan Maskur Maskur Triyanna Widiyaningtyas Welly Antonius Zaeni, Ilham Ari Elbaith