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All Journal Science Midwifery International Journal on Health and Medical Sciences
Fais Satrianegara
Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Indonesia
Dentistry Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Veterinary

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Outpatient satisfaction with the integration of primary health care services: A comparative study in Gowa Regency Andi Afriyani Safitri; Fais Satrianegara; Fatmawaty Mallapiang
Science Midwifery Vol 14 No 1 (2026): April: Health Sciences and related fields
Publisher : Institute of Computer Science (IOCS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/midwifery.v14i1.2337

Abstract

The implementation of Primary Healthcare Integration aimed to address service fragmentation and improve the quality of health services in Indonesia. This study evaluated outpatient satisfaction with the integrated system compared to a conventional service model in Gowa Regency. A quantitative comparative research design was employed, involving 100 respondents from a health center implementing the integration and 97 respondents from a health center using the conventional model. Data were collected through questionnaires measuring five dimensions of service quality: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test revealed a significant difference in satisfaction levels between the two groups (p < 0.001). The integrated system group showed a substantially higher mean rank of 144.08 compared to 52.53 in the conventional group. High satisfaction levels were observed across all dimensions in the integrated system, particularly in the empathy and tangible aspects. It was concluded that the lifecycle-based cluster approach within the integrated system significantly enhanced patient experience and satisfaction. These findings suggested that the transformation of primary health services effectively met community expectations and provided a more structured healthcare delivery model.
Environmental health risk analysis of exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in residential areas surrounding a nickel smelter Sukmawati Sukmawati; Fais Satrianegara; Muh. Saleh; Andi Susilawaty; Irham Irham
International Journal on Health and Medical Sciences Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): August: Medical and Health Science
Publisher : Institute of Accounting Research and Novation (IARN)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/healmed.v4i3.767

Abstract

Comunities surrounding nickel smelters may be exposed to particulate emissions, yet evidence from Indonesia remains limited, particularly studies integrating measured PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ concentrations with individual exposure characteristics. This study estimated non-carcinogenic inhalation risks among residents of Borongloe Village, which was selected because its settlements are located close to a nickel smelter industrial area in Bantaeng Regency. A descriptive study using Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) included 40 adult residents, with 10 representing the area surrounding each of four sampling points. Ambient concentrations were measured gravimetrically using a high-volume air sampler. EHRA integrated the measured concentrations with individual exposure time, frequency, duration, and body weight to estimate inhalation intake and risk quotients (RQs). Mean concentrations were 30.65 µg/m³ for PM₁₀ and 11.57 µg/m³ for PM₂.₅. The corresponding mean RQs were 0.0546 and 0.0287, while the maximum RQs were 0.2035 and 0.1169. All RQs were below one, although residents exposed for more than four hours per day had the highest estimates. Because measurements lasted only 90–120 minutes and the smelter was not operating at full capacity, these values indicate no appreciable non-carcinogenic risk only under the observed exposure scenario and do not demonstrate long-term safety. The results provide a practical basis for prioritizing air-quality monitoring, emission control, risk communication, and protection of residents with longer outdoor exposure. By integrating environmental measurements with individual exposure parameters, this study provides a site-specific baseline EHRA for an understudied community near an Indonesian nickel smelter. Repeated 24-hour and long-term monitoring during normal operations is required to determine risks under representative operating conditions.
Co-Authors Andi Afriyani Safitri Andi Susilawaty Fatmawaty Mallapiang Irham Irham Muh. Saleh Sukmawati Sukmawati