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All Journal Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Nur Hazahsha Shamsudin
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Enhancement of methane detection using graphene-doped zinc oxide with Blynk internet of things for real-time monitoring Siti Amaniah Mohd Chachuli; Fatin Liyana Syakinah Mohd Yatim; Nur Hazahsha Shamsudin; Omer Coban
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 15, No 1: February 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v15i1.9049

Abstract

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, significantly contributing to global warming gases when released into the atmosphere. Methane, a naturally occurring gas, has no harmful impacts on human life at low concentrations. As concentrations rise, symptoms like fatigue, headaches, nausea, irritability, and speech difficulties increase due to asphyxiation. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene-doped ZnO gas sensors were fabricated using a screen-printing technique onto a Kapton film to compare their performance to methane gas at room temperature. A silver paste was used as the interdigitated electrode, deposited on the Kapton film using a screen-printing technique, and fired at 150 °C for 15 minutes. Next, ZnO and graphene-doped ZnO pastes were deposited onto the interdigitated electrode using a screen-printing technique and became the second layer of the gas sensor. The sensing layer was annealed at 200 °C for 60 minutes. All gas sensors responded well to methane gas at room temperature. As a comparison, the graphene-doped ZnO gas sensor responded better to 6,700 ppm of methane gas than the ZnO gas sensor at room temperature. The highest response of graphene-doped ZnO to methane gas was produced by 5 wt. % of graphene doped into ZnO with a response value of 11.5.
Smart sensor integration for real-time quality monitoring in processed frozen foods Aina Hayani Amran; Nur Hazahsha Shamsudin; Siti Asma Che Aziz; Siti Amaniah Mohd Chachuli; Nur Fazira Haris
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 15, No 4: August 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v15i4.10480

Abstract

The demand for processed frozen food has increased due to its rich flavors, long shelf life, and convenience. This trend was noticeable during the COVID-19 pandemic as it reduced the need for frequent grocery shopping and minimized virus exposure. However, processed frozen food is still prone to spoilage over time. This study aims to monitor the quality of processed frozen food, including beef, chicken, and fish, over 24 hours using three primary sensors known as MQ4, MQ136, and MQ137. These sensors detect the main gases produced during food spoilage, which are methane (CH4), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and ammonia (NH3), respectively, and are integrated with the ESP32 microcontroller. Each sample was analyzed using 100 g of meat placed in a sealed container, with ambient temperature and humidity levels being monitored. The pattern of gas production can be viewed on ThingSpeak, and a notification is sent via Telegram when the threshold value is reached. This study is conveniently used to identify the typical conditions under which processed frozen food is most likely to be spoiled. The result shows that the MQ137 sensor is the most sensitive in detecting early spoilage stages, which indicates the ammonia gas in high temperature and humidity levels.
Co-Authors Aina Hayani Amran Fatin Liyana Syakinah Mohd Yatim Nur Fazira Haris Omer Coban Siti Amaniah Mohd Chachuli Siti Asma Che Aziz