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All Journal Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Mikailalsys Journal of Advanced Engineering International International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology
Abubakar Muhammad Hammari
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Computer Science & IT Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Physics Social Sciences Other

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Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Composition, and Mineral Analysis of Tropical Almond (Terminalia catappa) Seeds Collected from Gombe State, Nigeria Maryam Usman Abdulkadir; Farida Muhammad Mijinyawa; Abubakar Muhammad Hammari; Adamu Jauro Abubakar; Ibrahim Abubakar Adam; Saminu Yusuf; Hanifah Yakubu
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 4 No 3 (2026): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v4i3.9173

Abstract

The growing demand for natural medicines and plant-derived nutrients has increased scholarly interest in botanical resources rich in bioactive constituents, minerals, phytochemicals, and other metabolites. Terminalia catappa, a member of the Combretaceae family commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, is traditionally used for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiarrheal properties. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile, proximate composition, and mineral content of T. catappa seed nuts. Standard analytical methods were employed for proximate analysis, while elemental content was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and flame photometry. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, phenols, and alkaloids, whereas tannins and flavonoids were absent. The proximate composition showed moisture content of 11.03%, ash content of 5.00%, crude fiber of 0.53%, crude protein of 8.28%, crude fat of 36.33%, and carbohydrates of 39.63%. Mineral analysis indicated notable concentrations of potassium at 1.1638 mg/L and calcium at 0.2046 mg/L, with sodium, manganese, zinc, iron, and copper detected in trace amounts. The study concludes that T. catappa seed nuts possess considerable nutritional and medicinal value, supporting their traditional applications and indicating their potential industrial use in food, pharmaceutical, and personal care products. These findings contribute to phytochemical and nutritional research by providing empirical evidence on the bioactive and compositional properties of T. catappa seeds.
Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Mango Waste over Template-Synthesized NiFe₂O₄/Biochar Catalyst Abdul-Hameed Bukhari Auwal; Atuman Samaila Joel; Yusuf Olabode Raji; Abubakar Muhammad Hammari
Mikailalsys Journal of Advanced Engineering International Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Mikailalsys Journal of Advanced Engineering International
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mjaei.v3i2.9172

Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) offers a promising pathway for converting wet organic waste into liquid fuels; however, the high oxygen content of bio-crude derived from fruit waste remains a major limitation. This study aims to valorize mango fruit waste (MFW) into upgraded bio-crude oil through catalytic HTL using a template-synthesized activated biochar-supported NiFe₂O₄ bimetallic catalyst. The feedstock and catalyst were characterized using proximate and ultimate analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Mango fruit waste showed favorable hydrothermal conversion characteristics, including high volatile matter content, a carbon content of 48.07 wt%, and a higher heating value (HHV) of 14.32 MJ kg⁻¹. The incorporation of the NiFe₂O₄-activated biochar catalyst substantially improved bio-crude quality compared with non-catalytic HTL, increasing the carbon content to 63.53 wt% and the HHV to 16.66 MJ kg⁻¹. GC–MS analysis revealed a marked compositional shift toward aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles, indicating enhanced deoxygenation, hydrogen transfer, and aromatization reactions promoted by the bimetallic catalyst. The study concludes that template-engineered biochar-supported NiFe₂O₄ catalysts are effective for upgrading oxygen-rich intermediates during fruit waste HTL. These findings contribute to sustainable waste valorization and biofuel production by demonstrating the potential of mango fruit waste as a viable feedstock for producing improved bio-crude oil.
Biodegradation of Plastic and the Role of Microbial Enzymes in Plastic Waste Management Abubakar Muhammad Hammari; Abubakar Aisami; Maryam Ibrahim; Muhammad Jauro Jauro; Usman Adamu Bashir
International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology Vol 4 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijemt.v4i1.8198

Abstract

Plastic pollution has emerged as a major environmental problem affecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and posing human health risks through microplastic exposure and chemical leaching. This research reviews the biodegradability of common plastics and examines biological approaches—particularly microbial and enzymatic degradation—as complementary strategies to mechanical and chemical recycling. Drawing on recent experimental and review literature, it describes microbial colonization of plastic surfaces and the enzymatic mechanisms underlying depolymerization, with emphasis on PET hydrolases such as PETase and MHETase, cutinases, and oxidative enzymes including laccases. The study further outlines analytical methods for assessing plastic degradation and evaluates strategies to enhance enzymatic depolymerization, such as protein engineering, enzyme immobilization, and physical or chemical pretreatment of substrates. In addition, it discusses scale-up challenges, biosafety considerations, and pathways for integrating biotechnological solutions into circular economy frameworks, and formulates recommendations for future research and pilot-scale deployment. Overall, the review highlights the potential and limitations of microbial and enzymatic plastic biodegradation as part of a broader portfolio of interventions needed to mitigate plastic pollution.
Determination of the Chemical Properties of Some Selected Vegetable Oils Sold in Gombe Main Market, Gombe State, Nigeria Lazarus Joseph Goje; Muhammad Auwal Muhammad; Fatima Umar Maigari; Abubakar Muhammad Hammari
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.6045

Abstract

Vegetable oils are widely utilized as essential lipid sources in food production, necessitating routine evaluation of their nutritional and chemical quality. This study assessed the quality of four commonly consumed edible vegetable oil brands in Gombe, Gombe State: Palm oil (Al-Hilal), Turkey oil, Power oil, and Kings oil. Samples were collected from the Gombe main market and analyzed for saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value. These parameters were compared against the standards set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). Turkey oil exhibited the lowest saponification value (192.43 ± 0.51 mg KOH/g), though all oils fell within the SON-recommended range of 185–205 mg KOH/g. The iodine values indicated low levels of unsaturated fatty acids across all samples, with palm oil showing the highest (15.29 ± 0.49 g) and Turkey oil the lowest (6.61 ± 0.63 g). Peroxide values for all samples were well below the 10 meq/kg threshold for rancidity, indicating freshness and stability. Overall, the results demonstrate that all vegetable oil samples met the quality standards set by SON and the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS). It is therefore concluded that the oils are unadulterated, of high quality, and safe for public consumption, reflecting proper processing and storage practices.
Privacy-Enhancing Federated Learning Models for Cybersecurity in IoT Networks Mohammed Ajuji; Yusuf Musa Malgwi; Asabe Sandra Ahmadu; Mustapha Ismail; Abubakar Muhammad Hammari
International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology Vol 4 No 2 (2026): International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijemt.v4i2.9653

Abstract

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has intensified cybersecurity risks by exposing distributed connected devices to increasingly complex and pervasive threats. Conventional centralized security mechanisms often struggle to accommodate the heterogeneous and decentralized structure of IoT networks. This study investigates Federated Learning (FL) as a decentralized approach to intrusion detection that enables local model training on IoT edge devices while transmitting only encrypted model updates to a central server, thereby preserving data privacy and reducing communication overhead. A novel FL-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) architecture was developed using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for anomaly detection and the Federated Averaging (FedAvg) algorithm for aggregating local model updates. The framework was evaluated on standard IoT datasets under non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data conditions to simulate heterogeneous real-world environments. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieved a detection accuracy of 94.6%, an F1-score of 93.8%, and a recall of 92.7%, outperforming centralized and standalone local learning methods. The framework also reduced communication overhead by 35% and achieved convergence 28% faster than conventional approaches. These findings demonstrate that FL can provide a scalable, privacy-preserving, and computationally efficient foundation for strengthening IoT cybersecurity. This study contributes a decentralized machine-learning architecture for real-time, adaptive, and privacy-conscious intrusion detection in large-scale IoT environments.
Comparative Analysis of Mineral Composition in Locally Prepared and Commercial Ginger Drinks Sold in Gombe Metropolis Abubakar Muhammad Hammari; Alhassan Ahmad Siddan; Abubakar Umar Elnafaty; Balkisu Abubakar Adamu; Muhammad Bello Jauro; Usman Adamu Bashir
International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology Vol 4 No 2 (2026): International Journal of Education, Management, and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijemt.v4i2.10213

Abstract

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a widely consumed spice and medicinal plant valued for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. In Nigeria, ginger drinks are popular because of their refreshing taste and perceived health benefits; however, evidence comparing the mineral composition of locally prepared and commercial products remains limited. This study evaluated the mineral composition of selected locally prepared and commercially produced ginger drinks obtained from different locations in Gombe metropolis. Five samples, comprising four locally prepared ginger drinks and one commercial brand, were analyzed for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Mineral concentrations varied among the samples, with potassium and sodium being the most abundant and iron occurring at relatively low concentrations. The Riyal sample contained the highest potassium concentration (7.45 mg/L), the Tudun Wada sample recorded the highest sodium concentration (11.49 mg/L), and the commercial ginger drink had the highest calcium concentration (2.46 mg/L). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the mineral contents of locally prepared and commercial ginger drinks. These findings indicate that ginger drinks sold in Gombe metropolis contain beneficial mineral elements within acceptable limits and may supplement dietary intake of nutrients involved in fluid balance, bone development, immune responses, and enzymatic activities. The study provides comparative evidence on the mineral profiles of locally prepared and commercial ginger drinks and establishes a basis for more comprehensive nutritional assessments using larger samples and additional nutritional parameters.
Co-Authors Abdul-Hameed Bukhari Auwal Abubakar Aisami Abubakar Umar Elnafaty Adamu Jauro Abubakar Alhassan Ahmad Siddan Asabe Sandra Ahmadu Atuman Samaila Joel Balkisu Abubakar Adamu Farida Muhammad Mijinyawa Fatima Umar Maigari Hanifah Yakubu Ibrahim Abubakar Adam Lazarus Joseph Goje Maryam Ibrahim Maryam Usman Abdulkadir Mohammed Ajuji Muhammad Auwal Muhammad Muhammad Bello Jauro Muhammad Jauro Jauro Mustapha Ismail Saminu Yusuf Usman Adamu Bashir Yusuf Musa Malgwi Yusuf Olabode Raji