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All Journal Tadulako Journal Sport Sciences and Physical Education
Tb. Rwindra Putra Lesmana
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Humanities Education Other

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A Learning Method to Improve Freestyle Swimming Technique in Beginner Athletes (Ages 9-12) Using Modified PVC Pipes Tb. Rwindra Putra Lesmana; Rizal Ahmad Fauzi; Aam Ali Rahman
Tadulako Journal Sport Sciences And Physical Education Vol 14 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/tjsspe.v14i3.6442

Abstract

The effectiveness of freestyle swimming learning for beginner athletes aged 9–12 years is often hampered, especially in hand movements or strokes, body alignment, motor coordination, and breathing control. This study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design to test the effectiveness of land training based on modified PVC pipes (paralon) in improving freestyle swimming techniques in beginner athletes. A total of 10 participants were divided into experimental and control groups. Qualitative data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation analyzed using NVivo 12, while quantitative data were analyzed using independent samples t-test and Cohen's d effect size. The results of the qualitative analysis identified the main obstacles to learning including body position misalignment, poor hand-foot coordination, flutter kick errors, insufficient arm thrust, inappropriate breathing patterns, and low self-confidence. Quantitatively, the experimental group experienced a significant increase in freestyle swimming performance compared to the control group (t(8) = −4.824, p = 0.001), with a very large practical effect (Cohen's d = 3.051). This finding indicates that the intervention is not only statistically significant, but also has a strong practical impact. The results of the study concluded that land training using modified PVC pipe media is an affordable, easily accessible, and highly effective teaching method for improving body position, movement coordination, breathing technique, self-confidence, and overall freestyle swimming performance in novice athletes.
Co-Authors Aam Ali Rahman Rizal Ahmad Fauzi