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Quantum Machine Learning Models, Limitations, and Opportunities in the NISQ Era: A Review Muhamad Akrom; Aprilyani Nur Safitri; Novianto Nur Hidayat; Wahyu Aji Eko Prabowo; Setyo Budi; Reza Pamungkas Putra Sukanli
Journal of Multiscale Materials Informatics Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): April
Publisher : Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62411/jimat.v3i1.15955

Abstract

Quantum machine learning (QML) has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary field that integrates principles of quantum computing with machine learning techniques to address complex computational challenges. By leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement, QML aims to enhance learning efficiency, improve model performance, and enable the exploration of high-dimensional feature spaces that are intractable for classical methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in QML, covering fundamental concepts, algorithmic taxonomies, data encoding techniques, implementation challenges, and real-world applications. Key approaches, including quantum support vector machines (QSVM), variational quantum circuits (VQC), and quantum neural networks (QNN), are systematically analyzed. Furthermore, critical challenges, including noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) limitations, barren plateaus, data encoding bottlenecks, and the lack of demonstrated quantum advantage, are discussed in detail. The review also highlights emerging applications in material informatics, energy systems, healthcare, and optimization problems. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasizing the need for advancements in quantum hardware, scalable algorithms, hybrid frameworks, and standardized benchmarking. This work aims to provide a structured perspective on the current state of QML and to identify opportunities in deploy it effectively in solve real-world problems.
A novel quantum circuit-based adaptive quantum convolutional neural network for image classification Reza Pamungkas Putra Sukanli; Muhamad Akrom
Journal of Multiscale Materials Informatics Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): October (In Progress)
Publisher : Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62411/jimat.v3i2.17109

Abstract

This study explores Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN) starting from foundational quantum operations, such as the Rx gate for encoding MNIST image data into quantum states. We implemented quantum convolutional and pooling layers using one_unitary and two_unitary circuits, enabling effective feature extraction and dimensionality reduction while preserving critical information. Expressibility analysis revealed varying capabilities across different one_unitary circuits, with Rx, Ry, and Rz combinations demonstrating promising results akin to Haar random states. The proposed QCNN model exhibited robust performance metrics (accuracy: 95.98%, precision: 94.44%, recall: 96.59%, F1-score: 0.9551, AUC: 0.9604) in classification tasks, supported by efficient convergence during optimization. Future directions include expanding QCNN applications to handle more complex datasets and optimizing architectures to enhance quantum machine learning capabilities, particularly in image processing. This study underscores the potential of QCNNs in advancing quantum computing applications in neural network architectures.