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All Journal Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
Wiwekowati
Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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The Analysis of Smile Component of Upper Lip Curvature of Balinese Students In The Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar Ketut Virtika Ayu; Wiwekowati; Norman Hidajah; Eko Sri Yuni Astuti; Gusti Agung Ayu Dimitria Aprilia Prabandika Putri
Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) Vol. 21 No. 3 (2025): Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46862/interdental.v21i3.9130

Abstract

Introduction: Aesthetics in dentistry is increasingly becoming a major concern for patients and is often used as the main reason for dental care. One of the goals of orthodontic treatment is to obtain optimal facial aesthetics. Facial aesthetics are closely related to an attractive smile. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the curvature of the upper lip in Balinese at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive study with analytically processed research data. The research design was cross-sectional, using a sample of 115 students from the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar as subjects. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were photographed in a social smile pose, and the resulting photos were edited using a computer program to see the shape of the curvature of the upper lip. Results: The results showed that the average curvature of the upper lip was 51.3% upper direction, 20% straight, and 28.7% lower direction. Discussion: The curvature of the upper lip is influenced by the movement of facial muscles such as orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, and zygomaticus major. Smile aesthetics are not only achieved by dentofacial improvements, but also accompanied by facial muscles that play an important role in facial aesthetics. Conclusion: The upward curvature of the upper lip was the most commonly found, followed by the downward and the straight curvature. There was no significant difference between males and females in the upper lip curvature in the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar students.
Potential of Propolis In Hard Candy and Related Oral Delivery Systems for Dental and Oral Health: A Systematic Review Wiwekowati; Ketut Virtika Ayu; Norman Hidajah
Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) Vol. 22 No. 2 (2026): Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46862/interdental.v22i2.14314

Abstract

Introduction: Dental and oral diseases remain major global health problems. Although propolis has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, evidence regarding its use as a prolonged oral drug delivery system remains limited. No systematic review has specifically evaluated propolis hard candy as an oral delivery platform. This review aimed to synthesize evidence on propolis hard candy and related prolonged oral delivery systems for dental and oral health. Review: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from January 2014 to March 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, in vivo animal studies, and in vitro experiments evaluating propolis or related oral delivery systems. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using Cochrane RoB 2, the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and a modified checklist. Of 337 records, 10 studies met the eligibility criteria. In vitro studies demonstrated inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and Candida albicans growth, while solid oral delivery systems provided prolonged retention and sustained release. Clinical and in vivo studies indicated improved gingival health and anti-inflammatory effects, although evidence was limited by moderate risk of bias, small samples, and short follow-up. Conclusion: Propolis hard candy shows promise as an adjunctive oral drug delivery platform, but direct clinical evidence remains insufficient. Well-designed, double-blind randomized controlled trials using standardized formulations are needed to establish its efficacy, safety, and clinical advantages.
Co-Authors Eko Sri Yuni Astuti Gusti Agung Ayu Dimitria Aprilia Prabandika Putri Ketut Virtika Ayu Norman Hidajah