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Risk Factors Affecting Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Surakarta and Ngawi, Indonesia Novi Indah Aderita; Bhisma Murti; Nunuk Suryani
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

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Background: The success rate of Tuberculosis treatment in Indonesia decreased by 81.3% in 2014, which below the 85% target. The current increasing problem in the developing world is multidrug resistance of Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Many factors may contribute to MDR-TB. At the individual level these factors may include adherence to medication, perception of vulnerability, seriousness, benefit, barrier, and nutritional status. At the institutional level these factors may include the availability of drugs and implementation of DOTS program. This study aimed to analyze factors that affect MDR-TB in Surakarta and Wonogiri district, Central Java, Indonesia.Subjects and Method: This was an observasional analytic study with case control design. It was carried out in August-October 2016 in Surakarta and Ngawi, Indonesia. A total of 120 patients were selected by fixed disease sampling. Another sample of 44 health workers was also selected for the study. The endogenous variables: adherence, nutritional status, and implementation of the treatment of DOTS. The exogenous variables: perception of vulnerability, seriousness, benefits, barriers, the availability of anti Tuberculosis drugs. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Nutritional status (b=-2.98; 95% CI =-5.31 to -0.64; p = 0.012), adherence to anti Tuberculosis drugs (b=-3.38; 95% CI =-5.94 to -0.82; p = 0.010), treatment with DOTS for MDR TB (b=-0.88; 95% CI = 1.43-3.18 ; p = 0.456) were associated with MDR-TB. Perceived vulnerability (b= 2.81; 95% CI= 0.99 to 4.64; p = 0.003), seriousness (b=4.47; CI 95% = 2.38 to 6.57; p 0.001), benefits (b= 3.4; CI 95%= 1.52 to 5.18; p=0.001), barriers (b =-1.81; 95% CI=-3.48 to -1.39; p=0.034), as well as availability of DOTS treatment (b = 3.14; CI 95% = 0.95 to 5.32; p = 0.002), were associated with adherence to treatment.Conclusion: Nutritional status, adherence to treatment, implementation of DOTS strategy for MDR-TB affect the risk of MDR TB. Perceived vulnerability, seriousness, benefit, and barrier, as well as availability of DOTS treatment, affect adherence to treatment. Partnership between patients and health care personnel is recommended to increase the success of TB treatment.Keywords: tuberculosis, risk factor, MDR-TB, adherence to treatmentCorrespondence: Novi Indah Aderita. Polytechnic of Health Sciences Bhakti Mulia, Sukoharjo, Central Java Email: adherita_alhaniin@yahoo.comJournal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(2): 86-99https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.02.02

Path Analysis on the Determinants of Neonatal Asphyxia at Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang Dewy Indah Lestary; Endang Sutisna Sulaeman; Nunuk Suryani
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

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Background: Neonatal asphyxia is one of the main causes of neonatal mortality. Many factors may have caused neonatal mortality. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of neonatal asphyxia at Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was conducted at Dr. Saiful Anwar, Malang, East Java, in June 2016. A total of 53 newborn babies with asphyxia (cases) and 159 newborn babies without asphyxia (controls) were selected by fixed disease sampling for this study. There were three exogenous variables: prematurity, maternal age, and parity. The endogenous variables were birthweight and neonatal asphyxia. The data were collected by a checklist. The data were analyzed by path analysis model.Results: Low birthweight had positive direct effect on the risk of neonatal asphyxia (b=1.61; 95% CI= 0.86 to 2.37; p<0.001). Prematurity (b=0.93; 95% CI= 0.13 to 1.74; p<0.023), maternal ages <20 years or ≥35 years (b=0.97; 95%CI = 0.05 to 1.87; p<0.034), and parity primipara or ≥4 parity (b=1.00; 95% CI = 0.155 to 1.85; p<0.021), had positive indirect effects on the risk of neonatal asphyxia via low birthweight.Conclusion: Low birthweight had positive direct effect on the risk of neonatal asphyxia. Prematurity, maternal ages <20 years or ≥35 years, and parity primipara or ≥4 parity, had positive indirect effects on the risk of neonatal asphyxia via low birthweight.Keywords: neonatal asphyxia, low birth weight, prematurity, maternal age, parity.Correspondence: Dewy Indah Lestary. Academy of Midwifery Wijaya Kusuma, Malang, East Java. Email: dewylestary86@gmail.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(2): 140-147https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.02.08

Health Belief Model: Health Preventive Behavior of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Female Sex Workers in Surakarta Yenni Apriana Wulandari; Nunuk Suryani; Eti Poncorini
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI), such as HIV/ AIDS, is a public health problem. The prevalence of HIV in Indonesia in 2014 was 32,711 cases, and the prevalence of AIDS was 5,494 cases. In 2015 the Municipality Health Office of Surakarta found 71 cases of STI, consisting of 18 cases of HIV, 47 cases of AIDS, and 6 cases of Siphilis. A female sex worker may have several sexual partners per day. As studies have shown, female sex workers have 12 times higher risk of HIV infection than loyal housewife. Condom use can reduce up to 85% risk of HIV transmission. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting STI preventive behavior among female sex workers in Surakarta, using Health Belief Model (HBM).Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. This study was conducted in Banjarsari, Surakarta, Indonesia, from August to October 2016. A total of 130 female sex workers were selected at random. The independent variables were perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The dependent variable was STI preventive behavior. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression model.Results: Perceived susceptibility (OR=7.45; CI=95%; 1.61 to 49.89; p=0.012), severity (OR=4.02; CI=95%; 1.14 to 14.17; p=0.310), benefit (OR=5.63; 95% CI; 1.10 to 28.91; p=0.390), barrier (OR = 0.18; 95% CI; 0.02 to 0.70; p=0,018), cues to action (OR=7.32; CI=95%; 1,18 to 29.29; p=0.050), self-efficacy (OR=5.10; CI=95%; 1.10 to 23.58; p=0.370), had positive effects on STI preventive behavior.Conclusion: Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, cues to action, self-efficacy, had positive effects on STI preventive behavior. This study supports the applicability of the HBM constructs when they are used to explain factors affecting STI prevention behavior.Keywords: Health Belief Model, sexually transmitted infection, female sex workerCorrespondence: Yenni Apriana Wulandari. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, SurakartaJournal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1 (2): 70-78https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.02

Theory of Planned Behavior: Analysis of Factors Affecting the Preventive Behaviors of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking among Students from West Kalimantan, in Yogyakarta Yesi Vila Delpia; Bhisma Murti; Nunuk Suryani
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Indonesia ranked the third highest country in the world in the prevalence of smokers in 2010. The prevalence of alcohol drinkers reached 4.6% in 2007. West Kalimantan ranked the third highest and the fifth highest province in Indonesia in the number of smokers and drinkers, respectively. This study aimed to analyze factors affecting the preventive behavior of alcohol consumption and smoking among students from West Kalimantan, Indonesia.Subjects and Method: This was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design, conducted in Yogyakarta. A total of 100 students of West Kalimantan were selected by simple random sampling. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Positive attitude toward alcohol consumption (b=0.196; p=<0.001), positive subjective norms (b=0.650; p <0.001), strong perceived behavior control (b=0.296; p=<0.001), strong intention (b=1.755; p <0.001) had positive effect on alcohol consumption preventive behavior. Positive attitude toward smoking (b=0.381; p <0.001), positive subjective norms (b= 0.357; p< 0.001), strong perceived behavior control (b=0.252; p <0.001), and strong intention (b =1.122; p< 0.001) had positive effect on smoking prevention behavior.Conclusion: Theory of planned behavior can be used to predict preventive health behavior of a person, with respect to alcohol consumption and smoking. Attitude, subjective norm, perceive behavior control, and intention, each had either indirect or direct effect on alcohol consumption and smoking prevention behavior.Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior, alcohol consumption, smoking, preventive behaviorCorrespondence: Yesi Vila Delpia. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: yesiviladelpia137@gmail.com.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016),1(2): 62-69https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.01

Theory of Planned Behavior on the Determinants of Participation in the Long-Term Contraceptive Method Among Women of Reproductive Age, in Nganjuk, East Java Joeliatin -; Bhisma Murti; Nunuk Suryani
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Unintended pregnancies remain a substantial global public health issue despite considerable advances in contraceptive technologies. The global trend shows that the use of permanent contraception to prevent unintended pregnancy is high. Although the trend also shows a rise in the use of long-acting reversible methods, these are still underutilized despite having contraceptive as well as non-contraceptive benefits. This study aimed to examine the determinants of participation in long-term contraceptive method among women of reproductive age in Nganjuk, East Java, using Theory of Planned Behavior.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study, using case control design. This study was conducted in Bagor, Nganjuk, East Java. A total of 100 women of reproductive age was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variables were constructs in the Theory of Planned Behavior, i.e. attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control. The dependent variables were intention and participation in long-term contraceptive use. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Intention had direct and positive effect on participation in long-term contraceptive use (b=2.07; CI 95% 0.78-3.36; p=0.002). Attitude (b=1.40; CI 95% 0.41-2.40 p=0.006), subjective norm (b=1.64; CI 95% 0.76-2.53; p<0.001), and perceived behavior control (b=1.22; CI 95% 0.32-2.12; p=0.008) had indirect positive effect on participation in long-term contraceptive use through intention. Conclusion: There are direct and indirect effect of Theory of Planned Behavior constructs on participation long-term contraceptive use among women of reproductive age.Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior, long-term contraceptive method, women of reproductive ageCorrespondence: Joeliatin. School of Midwifery, AKBID Wiyata Mitra Husada, Kertosono, Nganjuk, East Java. Email: yulisuyitno77@gmail.com.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(3): 171-179https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.04

Path Analysis on the Association Between Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors, and House Sanitation in Bengkulu, Sumatera Shinta Nasir; Bhisma Murti; Nunuk Suryani
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Poor sanitation is one of the primary causes of communicable diseases in the world. According to UNICEF (2012) 116 million people in Indonesia in 2010 were lacking in standard sanitation. In Bengkulu province, only 33.18% household in 2014 and 39.22% in 2015 had access to good sanitation. This coverage was lower than that of the national level at 62.14%. This study aimed investigating the association between predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors, and house sanitation in Bengkulu, Sumatera.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in Teluk Segara District, Bengkulu, Sumatera from November to December 2016. A total of 120 households were selected by fixed exposure sampling for this study. The dependent variable was household sanitation. The independent variables were family education, family income, health education, social capital, and health behavior. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Family education (b= 1.08; SE= 0.48; p= 0.024) and health education (b= 0.19; SE= 0.07; p= 0.007) had positive and statistically significant effect on household sanitation. Health education had positive and statistically significant effect on healthy behavior (b= 0.09; SE= 0.04; p= 0.018). Social capital had positive and marginally significant effect on healthy behavior (b= 0.05; SE= 0.03; p= 0.099). Family income (b= 0.14; SE = 0.45; p= 0.756) and family education (b= 0.15; SE= 0.25; p= 0.566) did not show significant effect on household sanitation.Conclusion: Family education and health education had positive and statistically significant effect on household sanitation. Health education had positive and statistically significant effect on healthy behavior. Social capital had positive and marginally significant effect on healthy behavior. Family income and family education did not show significant effect on household sanitation.Keywords: path analysis, predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors, household sanitationCorrespondence: Shinta Nasir. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: shinta_nasir26@yahoo.co.id.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(3): 190-200https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.06

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