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All Journal Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Mental Retardation in Children Aged 6-17 Years in Tulungagung District, East Java Yani Ikawati; Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi; Rita Benya Adriani
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

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Background: According to WHO, 15% of the world population, or 785 million people, suffer mental or physical disorders. Mental retardation is a serious problem socially and medically. Mental retardation affects child development in various forms: physical, self-care, communication, social, emotional, and mental. The objective of this study was to determine biopsychosocial factors associated with mental retardation in children aged 6-17 years.Subjects and Method: This study was observational analytic with case control design. It was conducted at Kauman and Tulungangung community health centers in Tulungangung District, East Java, from April to May, 2017. A sample of 100 parents of children aged 6 to 17 years old were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. This sample consisted of 25 parents of children with mental retardation and 75 parents of children without mental retardation. Children with mental retardation were identified and sampled at a disability special school in Tulungagung, East Java. The dependent variable was mental retardation. The independent variables were prenatal history, perinatal history, maternal stress during pregnancy, maternal education, and family income. The data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire. Maternal stress was measured by Holmes and Rahe stress scale. The data was analyzed by path analysis.Results: Mental retardation was directly associated with prenatal history (b= 1.17; 95%­ CI= 0.65 to 2.27; p= 0.038), perinatal history (b=­ 1.41;­ 95% CI= 0.87 to 2.73; p= 0.037), and maternal stress during pregnancy (b= 1.84; 95% CI = 0.59 to 3.09; p= 0.004). Prenatal history was associated with maternal education (b= -1.16; 95% CI= -2.17 to -0.15; p= 0.025) and maternal stress during pregnancy (b= 1.48; 95% CI= 0.43 to 2.54; p= 0.006). maternal stress during pregnancy was associated with maternal education (b= -1.65; 95% CI= 2.62 to -0.69; p=0.001) and family income (b=-1.35; 95% CI= 2.29 to -0.41; p=0.005). Family income was associated with maternal education (b= 1.70; 95% CI=­­ 0.82 to 2.57; p<0.001).Conclusion: Mental retardation is directly associated with prenatal history, perinatal history, and maternal stress during pregnancy.Keywords: mental retardation, biopsychosocial factors, childrenCorrespondence: Yani Ikawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Su­ra­kar­ta, Central Java.  Email: yaniikawati@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285655730050.Journal of Epidemiology and Publich Health (2017), 2(2): 119-129https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.02.03
Effects of Maternal Nutrition Status, Maternal Education, Maternal Stress, and Family Income on Birthweight and Body Length at Birth in Klaten, Central Java Rika Nurmayanti; Harsono Salimo; Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol. 2 No. 4 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Birthweight and body length at birth are predictors of morbidity and mortality in children under five years old and adult age. Low birthweight increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in children under five. This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal nutrition status, maternal education, maternal stress, and family income, on birthweight and body length at birth in Klaten, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with case control design. The study was conducted at Manisrenggo and Bayat community health centers, Klaten District, Central Java, in April 2017. A total sample of 120 children aged 0 to 6 months and their mothers were selected for this study using fixed disease sampling. The dependent variables were birthweight and body length and birth. The independent variables were maternal nutrition status, maternal education, maternal stress, and family income. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. Maternal nutrition status at pregnancy was measured by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Data on birthweight and body length at birth were taken from mother and child health monitoring book. The data was analyzed using path analysis.Results: Birthweight was directly and positively affected by maternal MUAC at pregnancy (b=0.50; SE=0.13; p<0.001), family income (b=0.11; SE=0.04; p=0.004), and maternal education (b=2.14; SE=0.88; p=0.016). Birthweight was directly and negatively affected by maternal stress (b=-1.81; SE=0.81; p=0.025). Body length at birth was directly and positively affected by maternal MUAC at pregnancy (b=0.16; SE=0.64; p=0.011) and family income (b=0.05; SE=0.18; p=0.005). Maternal MUAC at pregnancy was affected by maternal education (b=1.41; SE=0.58; p=0.014). Likewise, family income was affected by maternal education (b=5.28; SE=2.11; p=0.012).Conclussion: Maternal MUAC at pregnancy, family income, and maternal education positively and directly affect birthweight. Maternal stress directly and negatively affects birthweight. Body length at birth is directly and positively affected by maternal MUAC at pregnancy and family income.Keywords: birthweight, body length at birth, MUAC, maternal stressCorrespondence:
Effects of Maternal Education, Psychosocial Stress, Nutritional Status at Pregnancy, and Family Income, on Birthweight in Nganjuk, East Java Dhewi Nurahmawati; Harsono Salimo; Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol. 2 No. 4 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Low birthweight (LBW) is one of the primary causes of infant mortality. It shares 27% of infant mortality rate (IMR). The Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey in 2007 reported that the IMR was 34 deaths per 1,000 live births. As much as 30.3% of this rate was accounted by LBW. As such LBW is an important global public health issue. Countries arround the world have committed to overcome this problem. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal education, psychosocial stress, nutritional status at pregnancy, and family income, on birthweight.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with case control design. The study was conducted in Ngetos community health center, Nganjuk, East Java, from May to June, 2017. A total sample of 120 were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, compresing 40 infants with low birthweight and 80 infants with normal birthweight. The dependent variable was birthweight. The independent variables were maternal education, psychosocial stress, nutritional status at pregnancy (middle-upper arm circumference, MUAC), maternal anemia, and family income. MUAC was measured by MUAC measuring tape. Hemoglobin concetration was measured by Sahli meter. Psychosocial stress was measured by Holmes and Rahe stress scale. The other variables were measured by a set of questionnaire. Path analysis was used for data analysis.Results: MUAC ?23.5 cm (b= -0.80, SE= 0.57; p=0.064), hemoglobin concetration ?11 g/dL (b= -120.16, SE= 45.14, p=0.008), and low psychosocial stress (b= -0.80, SE= 0.57, p=0.164) directly and negatively affected low birthweight. Maternal education ?Senior High School (b= 1.28, SE = 0.056, p= 0.022), psychosocial stress (b= -0.001, SE<0.001, p=0.097), and family income (b= 0.97, SE= 0.46, p=0.036) positively affected MUAC. MUAC ?23.5 cm positively affected hemoglobin concentration ?11 g/dL (b= 0.19, SE = 20.84, p<0.001).Conclusion: MUAC, hemoglobin concetration, and low psychosocial stress directly and negatively affect low birthweight.Keywords: low birthweight, MUAC, maternal anemia, psychosocial stress, family incomeCorrespondence:
Co-Authors Dhewi Nurahmawati Harsono Salimo Harsono Salimo Rika Nurmayanti Rita Benya Adriani Yani Ikawati