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All Journal Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health
Setyo Sri Rahardjo
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Public Health

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Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Adults in Urban and Rural Areas of Sragen Regency, Central Java, Indonesia Novia Erliana Wandansari; Ika Sumiyarsi Sukamto; Setyo Sri Rahardjo; Erindra Budi Cahyanto; Revi Gama Hatta Novika
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2026.11.02.07

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a non-communicable disease with increasing prevalence in both urban and rural areas. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors between urban and rural populations are suspected to influence the clinical profile and demographic characteristics of T2DM patients. This study aims to analyze differences in T2DM patient characteristics in adults in urban and rural areas of Sragen Regency, Indonesia, and identify the most dominant factors differentiating these two groups. Subjects and Method: This was a comparative observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design conducted in six health centers in Sragen Regency representing urban and rural areas. Research subjects were adult patients with T2DM who met inclusion criteria. Variables examined included age, sex, educational level, income, occupation, and physical activity. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical records. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test, while multivariate analysis used binary logistic regression. Results: Significant differences were found between T2DM patients in urban and rural areas based on age (p=0.035), educational level (p=0.007), income (p=0.011), occupation (p=0.016), and physical activity (p=0.005). No significant difference was found in sex distribution between the two areas (p=0.078). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that physical activity was the most dominant factor differentiating T2DM patient characteristics in urban and rural areas (OR=2.326; p=0.007). Patients with low physical activity had 2.326 times higher odds of residing in urban areas compared to those with moderate or high physical activity. Conclusion: Physical activity is the most dominant factor differentiating T2DM patient characteristics between urban and rural areas. Area-specific T2DM prevention and control stra­tegies should prioritize physical activity improvement with approaches tailored to local community characteristics.
Factors Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Matched Case-Control Study Ardyawati Wira Oktaviana; Setyo Sri Rahardjo; Vitri Widyaningsih; Nur Hafidha Hikmayani; Arsita Eka Prasetyawati
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 11 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2026.11.03.04

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in Indonesia, including in the city of Yogyakarta. The incidence of TB is influenced by various socioeconomic factors, individual characteristics, behavior, and the physical conditions of the home environment. Given these influences, this study aims to analyze the determinants of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was a matched case-control study. Cases were patients with pulmo­nary tuberculosis, matched 1:2 by age, sex, and health center area to non-TB controls. Among 168 respondents (56 cases and 112 controls). The study involved 18 community health centers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from April to May 2026. Variables included family income, knowledge, attitudes, nutritional status, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, household and close contact history, and housing characteristics. Data were analyzed using bivariate tests and multivariate conditional logistic regression. Results: Family income below the Yogyakarta regional minimum wage (aOR= 0.30; 95% CI= 0.10–0.93), poor tuberculosis knowledge (aOR = 0.27; 95% CI= 0.08–0.95), history of diabetes mellitus (aOR= 0.07; 95% CI= 0.01–0.82), and a confirmed history of close contact with a tuberculosis patient (aOR= 5.12; 95% CI= 1.00–26.09) were independently associated with pulmo­nary tuber­culosis. Respondents who were unaware of their close contact history also had higher odds of tuber­culosis (aOR= 3.67; 95% CI= 0.82–16.30), although this association did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Yogyakarta is significantly associated with family income, tuberculosis-related knowledge, history of diabetes mellitus, and close contact with TB patients. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening active TB case finding through systematic contact investigation not only among household contacts but also in workplaces and industrial settings to facilitate early detection and reduce the risk of tuberculosis transmission
Co-Authors Ardyawati Wira Oktaviana Arsita Eka Prasetyawati Erindra Budi Cahyanto Ika Sumiyarsi Sukamto Novia Erliana Wandansari Nur Hafidha Hikmayani Revi Gama Hatta Novika Vitri Widyaningsih