Muhaemin Muhaemin
Fakultas Keperawatan, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Ventilasi Mekanik pada Pasien Prolonged Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Ards and Dka; A Case Report Nina Risnianingsih; Vera Susanti; Muhaemin Muhaemin; Ayu Prawesti Priambodo
MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal Vol 6, No 3 (2026): Volume 6 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mahesa.v6i3.20957

Abstract

ABSTRACT Prolonged acute respiratory failure is a very challenging critical medical condition, especially with comorbidities of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). ARDS causes severe respiratory distress, while DKA in uncontrolled diabetes worsens metabolic and respiratory conditions. The complexity of managing prolonged respiratory failure lies in the need for intensive intervention, continuous monitoring, and careful adjustment of mechanical ventilation and multidisciplinary collaboration to achieve patient stability in the ICU. This report aims to describe the interventions given to patients with prolonged acute respiratory failure due to ARDS and DKA in the ICU of RSKK Bandung, and to explore the challenges in adjusting mechanical ventilation and managing these conditions. This study uses a descriptive approach by analyzing the case of a 37-year-old man who was admitted to the ICU with initial conditions of prolonged acute respiratory failure, ARDS, and Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) characterized by shortness of breath, hypoxemia, and hyperglycemia. Data were collected through physical examination, laboratory results, blood gas analysis, and nursing interventions for respiratory and metabolic stabilization. Interventions provided included intensive monitoring, mechanical ventilation adjustment, blood glucose level regulation, and fluid and electrolyte balance monitoring. The patient experienced prolonged acute respiratory failure, which required mechanical ventilation with SIMV mode and pressure support, with dynamics of PEEP values given between 6-12 cmH2O. In addition, the patient showed high blood glucose levels (311 mg/dL) and ketonuria (+2), indicating DKA. Nursing interventions focused on adjusting mechanical ventilation (including SIMV and PEEP modes), regulating blood glucose through insulin drip, and monitoring fluids and electrolytes to reduce the risk of further complications. Management of patients with prolonged acute respiratory failure due to ARDS and DKA requires a very intensive and coordinated approach, including appropriate mechanical ventilation adjustments with special attention to SIMV mode and PEEP optimization and effective nursing interventions. This case highlights the uniqueness of managing prolonged acute respiratory failure, a challenge in ICU care, and the importance of team collaboration and the application of a personalized, evidence-based approach to critical care. Keywords: Nursing Interventions, Prolonged Acute Respiratory Failure, ARDS, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Mechanical Ventilation.  ABSTRAK Prolonged acute respiratory failure merupakan kondisi medis kritis yang sangat menantang, terutama dengan komorbiditas Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) dan Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). ARDS menimbulkan gangguan pernapasan berat, sementara DKA pada diabetes tidak terkontrol memperburuk kondisi metabolik dan respirasi. Kompleksitas penanganan gagal napas yang memanjang terletak pada kebutuhan intervensi intensif, pemantauan berkelanjutan, serta penyesuaian ventilasi mekanik yang cermat dan kolaborasi multidisipliner demi mencapai stabilitas pasien di ICU. Laporan ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan intervensi  yang diberikan kepada pasien dengan gagal napas akut yang memanjang akibat ARDS dan DKA di ruang ICU RSKK Bandung, serta untuk mengeksplorasi tantangan dalam penyesuaian ventilasi mekanik dan pengelolaan kondisi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dengan menganalisis kasus seorang pria berusia 37 tahun yang dirawat di ruang ICU dengan kondisi awal gagal napas akut yang memanjang, ARDS, dan Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) yang ditandai dengan sesak napas, hipoksemia, dan hiperglikemia. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemeriksaan fisik, hasil laboratorium, analisis gas darah, serta intervensi keperawatan untuk stabilisasi pernapasan dan metabolisme. Intervensi yang diberikan meliputi pemantauan intensif, penyesuaian ventilasi mekanik, pengaturan kadar glukosa darah, dan pemantauan keseimbangan cairan serta elektrolit. Pasien mengalami gagal napas akut yang memanjang, yang memerlukan ventilasi mekanik dengan mode SIMV dan pressure support, dengan dinamika nilai PEEP yang diberikan antara 6-12 cmH2O. Selain itu, pasien menunjukkan kadar glukosa darah yang tinggi (311 mg/dL) dan ketonuria (+2), menandakan adanya DKA. Intervensi keperawatan difokuskan pada penyesuaian ventilasi mekanik (termasuk mode SIMV dan PEEP), pengaturan glukosa darah melalui insulin drip, serta pemantauan cairan dan elektrolit untuk mengurangi risiko komplikasi lebih lanjut. Penanganan pasien dengan gagal napas akut yang memanjang akibat ARDS dan DKA memerlukan pendekatan yang sangat intensif dan terkoordinasi, termasuk penyesuaian ventilasi mekanik yang tepat dengan perhatian khusus pada mode SIMV dan optimasi PEEP serta intervensi keperawatan yang efektif. Kasus ini menyoroti keunikan dalam mengelola kondisi gagal napas akut yang memanjang, yang menjadi tantangan dalam perawatan ICU, dan pentingnya kolaborasi tim medis serta penerapan pendekatan yang personal dan berbasis bukti dalam perawatan pasien kritis. Kata Kunci: Intervensi Keperawatan, Gagal Nafas Akut yang Memanjang, ARDS, Ketoasidosis Diabetikum (KAD), Ventilasi Mekanik.
Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pelaksanaan tindak lanjut early warning system di rumah sakit: A scoping review Muhaemin Muhaemin; Cecep Eli Kosasih; Etika Emaliyawati
Hik Vol. 20 No. 6 (2026): Volume 20 Nomor 6
Publisher : Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan-fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Malahayati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/hjk.v20i6.3840

Abstract

Background: The Early Warning System (EWS) is an early detection system designed to identify deterioration in patients’ clinical conditions through the monitoring of physiological parameters. However, the effectiveness of EWS depends not only on its ability to detect clinical deterioration but also on the appropriate implementation of subsequent follow-up actions, including escalation of care. Evidence regarding the factors influencing the implementation of EWS follow-up actions remains fragmented and has not been comprehensively synthesized. Purpose: To identify, map, and synthesize scientific evidence regarding the factors influencing the implementation of EWS follow-up actions in hospital settings. Method: This scoping review was conducted based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework, as refined by Levac et al., and reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCOhost for English-language articles published between 2015 and 2026. Study selection was guided by the Population–Concept–Context (PCC) framework. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction form and analyzed narratively through thematic analysis. Results: Eleven studies were included from 6,126 records identified through the literature search. Factors influencing the implementation of EWS follow-up actions were categorized into individual, team, organizational, and system-level factors. Key facilitating factors included healthcare professionals’ clinical competence and experience, clinical judgment, self-confidence, effective multidisciplinary communication and collaboration, continuous training, clear escalation protocols, and integration of EWS with electronic medical records. The most frequently reported barriers included high workload, inadequate staffing, hierarchical cultures in clinical decision-making, ineffective interprofessional communication, poor adherence to escalation protocols, inaccurate documentation, and challenges in implementing EWS across different hospital care settings. Conclusion: The implementation of follow-up actions based on EWS is influenced by complex interactions among individual, team, organizational, and system-level factors. Optimizing EWS implementation requires a multicomponent approach that strengthens healthcare professionals’ competence, promotes a patient safety culture, improves interprofessional communication, supports effective clinical leadership, ensures adequate resources, and leverages integrated digital technologies to facilitate timely escalation of care and enhance patient safety.   Keywords: Clinical Deterioration; Early Warning System; Escalation of Care; Implementation; Patient Safety.