Husnul Mubarak
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia

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Effects of a virtual reality exergame on cardiorespiratory function in older adults Dina Fatiyah Bakri; Melda Warliani; Yose Waluyo; Husnul Mubarak; Nilla Mayasari; Andi Alfian Zainuddin
Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): July-December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Udayana dan Diaspora Taipei Medical University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51559/ptji.v6i2.321

Abstract

Introduction: With increasing life expectancy, the elderly population is at higher risk for cardiorespiratory decline. Exercise is known to reduce this decline, but adherence to exercise programs can be low. Virtual reality (VR) exergaming offers an engaging alternative, potentially increasing motivation while providing similar benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of VR exergaming in improving cardiorespiratory function in elderly individuals. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 40 elderly participants (VR exergaming, n=24; conventional aerobic exercise, n=16). Both groups exercised three times per week for six weeks. The VR group used Ring Fit Adventure on the Nintendo Switch, while the control group performed structured aerobic exercises. Cardiorespiratory parameters—heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) from the 6-minute walking test (6MWT), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and peak cough flow rate (PCFR)—were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: Significant improvements were observed in VO₂ max, RR, BP, PEFR, and PCFR in both groups, though HR did not change significantly. Despite baseline differences in VO₂ max, overall improvements were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: VR exergaming was as effective as conventional exercise in improving cardiorespiratory function in older adults and offers an engaging and enjoyable alternative.
The effect of a virtual reality exergame on handgrip strength and cognitive function in post-stroke patients Jeanie Dewi Wangsa; Rumaisah Hasan; Wa Ode Sri Nikmatiyah; Yose Waluyo; Husnul Mubarak; Andi Alfian Zainuddin
Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): July-December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Udayana dan Diaspora Taipei Medical University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51559/ptji.v6i2.322

Abstract

Background: More than 60% of stroke patients have chronic neurological impairments that impair hand strength and cognitive function, lowering their quality of life. While virtual reality (VR) exergames have been extensively researched as adjuvant therapies, evidence of their simultaneous effects on motor and cognitive skills is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of VR exergames on handgrip strength and cognitive function in post-stroke patients. Methods: The study used a randomized controlled trial design with 60 subacute post-stroke patients who were randomly assigned to either the control group, which received conventional care (occupational therapy and physiotherapy), or the intervention group (conventional care plus VR exergame therapy) for eight weeks. This study included first-time stroke patients with onset ≥1 month, mild to moderate hemiparesis (MMT ≥ 3), and hemodynamic stability. Participants with significant spasticity (MAS > 3), aphasia, or uncontrolled comorbidities were excluded. Before, during, and after the intervention, handgrip strength and cognitive function were tested using the Indonesian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina). Results: After 8 weeks of therapy, the intervention group showed a significant increase in handgrip strength (+3.9 points, p-value= 0.040) and MoCA-Ina scores (+5 points, p-value= 0.007) compared to the control group. Conclusion: Integrating VR exergames with conventional rehabilitation significantly improves handgrip strength and cognitive function in post-stroke patients compared to traditional therapy alone.
Comparative effects of exergame intervention on cardiorespiratory function in obese and normal-weight adults Andi Miftah Khaerati Darmawan; Husnul Mubarak; Sylvia Evelyn Aritonang; Nuralam Sam; Melda Warliani; Andi Alfian Zainuddin
Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): July-December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Udayana dan Diaspora Taipei Medical University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51559/ptji.v6i2.323

Abstract

Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Exergaming offers an accessible, interactive alternative to promote physical activity. This study aimed to assess the changes in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), heart rate recovery (HRR), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in adults with obesity and normal weight after a six-week exergame intervention. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-post study involved 29 adults (15 obese, 14 normal BMI) who participated in exergame sessions three times of 40 minutes weekly for six weeks. Inclusion criteria included adults aged 18–45 years with a BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m² (normal) or ≥25 kg/m² (obese), normal or corrected vision, and willingness to complete the intervention. Exclusion criteria included individuals with cardiovascular, neurological, or uncontrolled medical conditions, recent surgery or hospitalization, pregnancy, participation in other exercise programs within the previous four weeks, cognitive or sensory impairments, withdrawal from the study, repeated absences, or adverse events such as cybersickness. Outcomes included 6MWT distance, HRR, and VO2max. The paired T-test or Wilcoxon test was used for within-group comparisons, and the independent T-test or Mann-Whitney test for between-group analysis. Results: Significant within-group improvements were observed after the intervention. The 6MWT distance increased by 26.21 m, from 364.48 ± 46.92 m to 390.69 ± 43.17 m (p < 0.001). HRR improved by 11.14 bpm, from 24.41 ± 8.35 bpm to 35.55 ± 8.92 bpm (p = 0.003). VO2max increased by 0.79 mL/kg/min, from 14.91 ± 1.85 to 15.70 ± 1.84 mL/kg/min (p < 0.001). However, between-group differences were not statistically significant for 6MWT (p = 0.397), peak heart rate (p = 0.739), HRR (p = 0.220), and VO2max (p = 0.397), indicating similar improvements in both groups. Conclusion: Six weeks of exergaming significantly improved functional capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness comparably in both obese and normal-weight adults, suggesting it was an inclusive and practical option for community-based physical activity programs.