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All Journal Journal of Environmental and Development Studies
Ayu Zahra Chandrasari
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Widyatama, Bandung 40125, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Social Sciences

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Performance Analysis of an Air-Based PV/T System in a Greenhouse Based on Indoor and Outdoor Test Chamber Temperature Comparison Fiky Setiawan; Ayu Zahra Chandrasari; Tinton Dwi Atmaja; Ahmad Rajani
Journal of Environmental and Development Studies Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Environmental and Development Studies (In Press)
Publisher : TALENTA Publisher, Universitas Sumatera Utara

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This study analyzes the thermal behavior of an air-based photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system integrated with a greenhouse under tropical outdoor conditions in Bandung, Indonesia. The integration extracts excess heat from photovoltaic panels, which typically degrades electrical performance and utilizes it to modify the agricultural microclimate. The experimental setup comprised a PV/T air collector, inlet fans, a connecting outlet duct, type-K thermocouples, DHT sensors, a pyranometer, an anemometer, and a data logger. Measurements were processed at 10-minute intervals from 09:00 to 15:00 across three observation days. The analysis emphasized solar radiation, PV/T component temperatures, mass flow rate, useful heat extraction, system thermal efficiency, and the comparison between the internal greenhouse temperature (DHT5-DHT7) and the external outdoor temperature (DHT8). The empirical results demonstrated an average solar radiation ranging from 676.84 W/m² to 768.65 W/m² across the observation days. The average outlet-inlet air temperature difference ranged consistently from 5.81°C to 6.36°C. Using the measured outlet velocity and duct area, the calculated air mass flow rate was 0.0774 kg/s. Consequently, the system generated an average useful thermal output of 467.85 W and achieved an average thermal efficiency of 25.24%. This effective heat transfer resulted in the internal greenhouse temperature remaining significantly higher than the outdoor ambient temperature by an average margin of 4.05°C to 4.73°C. These findings conclusively indicate that the active PV/T hot air flow, combined with the greenhouse enclosure effect, substantially governed the thermal conditions inside the test chamber, providing a viable thermal management strategy.
Thermal Performance Analysis of an Air-Based Hybrid PV/T Solar Collector in a Greenhouse under Varying Mass Flow Rates Jimmy Richardo Ginting; Ayu Zahra Chandrasari; Ahmad Rajani
Journal of Environmental and Development Studies Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Environmental and Development Studies (In Press)
Publisher : TALENTA Publisher, Universitas Sumatera Utara

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Solar photovoltaic panels often experience electrical efficiency degradation due to heat accumulation, which can be effectively mitigated using hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems. While a PV/T system concurrently generates electrical and thermal energy, the scope of this specific study is exclusively limited to evaluating its thermal performance and heat distribution. This study analyzes the thermal performance of an air-based hybrid PV/T solar collector integrated with a greenhouse. Because the system does not utilize phase change materials, the primary variable evaluated is the air mass flow rate, which is controlled by adjusting the number of active fans in both the PV/T collector and the greenhouse exhaust. Experimental data were collected over three days between 09:00 and 15:00 WIB. The testing was simplified into three operational scenarios: maximum PV/T - maximum greenhouse, maximum PV/T - minimum greenhouse, and minimum PV/T - minimum greenhouse. The numerical air velocities recorded were 3.70 m/s for the maximum PV/T setup and 2.35 m/s for the minimum. Concurrently, greenhouse exhaust velocities were 3.18 m/s (10 fans) and 2.03 m/s (6 fans). Findings revealed that the highest average useful heat reached 368.28 W during the maximum PV/T-minimum greenhouse scenario, highlighting optimal heat accumulation. Conversely, the highest average thermal efficiency was achieved in the maximum PV/T-maximum greenhouse scenario at 25.30%, demonstrating better air circulation and thermal stability. Ultimately, the results indicate that PV/T air velocity strongly governs heat extraction from the panels, whereas greenhouse exhaust velocity dictates heat retention inside the chamber.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Zigzag Configuration of Paraffin Wax-Filled Aluminum Containers on the Thermal Performance of a Photovoltaic Thermal System Sugito Julio Putra; Ayu Zahra Chandrasari; Ahmad Rajani
Journal of Environmental and Development Studies Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Environmental and Development Studies (In Press)
Publisher : TALENTA Publisher, Universitas Sumatera Utara

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Abstract

The performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels decreases significantly as operating temperatures rise. To mitigate this, forced-air cooling is often employed, but fluctuating outdoor solar radiation makes the integration of phase change materials (PCM) essential for effective heat regulation. This study experimentally evaluates the thermal performance of an air-based photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system integrated with a zigzag arrangement of aluminum containers filled with paraffin wax PCM. The zigzag geometry was specifically designed to extend the contact path for forced convective heat transfer. Three PCM mass variations (150 g, 200 g, and 250 g) were tested outdoors in an urban environment from 09:00 to 15:00 WIB. The system's thermal response was monitored using K-type thermocouples, DHT22 sensors, and a solar power meter to record radiation intensity, component temperatures, and inlet-outlet air temperature differences (ΔT). Experimental results showed average solar irradiance values of 817.16, 643.76, and 606.05 W/m² for the 150 g, 200 g, and 250 g tests, respectively. The PV backsheet recorded the highest average temperatures across all setups, reaching up to 57.88°C. Notably, the 200 g PCM configuration demonstrated the optimal thermal response, achieving the highest peak PCM ΔT of 10.98°C at 13:00. Furthermore, the system yielded average positive air ΔT values of 6.37°C, 5.00°C, and 4.83°C for the respective masses. These findings confirm that forced air flow effectively removes heat from the zigzag PCM section, highlighting that selecting an appropriate PCM mass is critical for balancing heat absorption and continuous convective removal under dynamic field conditions.
Co-Authors Ahmad Rajani Ahmad Rajani Fiky Setiawan Jimmy Richardo Ginting Sugito Julio Putra Tinton Dwi Atmaja