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All Journal TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal
Firdaus ST Mamad
Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol
Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Mathematics Other

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The Dynamics of Islamic Theology from the Classical to the Modern: The Dialectic of Revelation, Reason, and Inclusivism Hafidz Ardi; Duski Samad; Firdaus ST Mamad
The Future of Education Journal Vol 4 No 9 (2025)
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v4i9.1259

Abstract

The development of Islamic theology (Ilmu Kalam) reflects a long intellectual journey shaped by political, social, and philosophical dynamics from the early period of Islam to the contemporary era. This article explores the evolution of theological thought ranging from classical schools such as the Khawarij, Mu’tazilah, Asy’ariyah, and Maturidiyah to modern inclusive theology. Using a qualitative library research method, this study examines how debates on divine justice, human free will, and the nature of God contributed to the emergence of various theological orientations. The findings reveal that classical theology emerged primarily as a response to political conflict and interaction with foreign philosophical traditions, especially Greek rationalism. In contrast, modern theology emphasizes inclusive, humanistic, and contextual approaches, represented by thinkers such as Nurcholish Madjid, Fazlur Rahman, and Hasan Hanafi. Their ideas shift theological discourse from a rigid, apologetic pattern toward a paradigm that promotes pluralism, social ethics, and interreligious engagement. This study concludes that Islamic theology remains dynamic and relevant, as it continues to negotiate between tradition and modernity, reason and revelation, and exclusivism and inclusivism.
Integrative Islamic Educational Thought: Comparative Analysis of Al-Ghazali and Fazlur Rahman Sherli Dwi Andri Saputri; Duski Samad; Firdaus ST Mamad
The Future of Education Journal Vol 4 No 9 (2025)
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v4i9.1260

Abstract

This article explores the educational thought of two influential Muslim scholars, Al-Ghazali and Fazlur Rahman, through a philosophical and comparative perspective. The study aims to analyze their concepts of Islamic education, their intellectual foundations, and the relevance of their ideas for contemporary educational development. Using a qualitative library research approach, the article examines primary and secondary sources related to both scholars and identifies the distinctive characteristics of their educational paradigms. The findings reveal that Al-Ghazali emphasizes spiritual purification, ethical formation, and the integration of knowledge and moral action, while Fazlur Rahman advocates neo-modernist reform, critical reasoning, and integration between religious and scientific knowledge. Despite their different contexts, both highlight the importance of holistic human development. This study concludes that combining Al-Ghazali’s moral–spiritual framework with Rahman’s intellectual–critical paradigm provides a relevant foundation for formulating contemporary Islamic education that is spiritually rooted, intellectually dynamic, and responsive to modern challenges.
Co-Authors Duski Samad Hafidz Ardi Sherli Dwi Andri Saputri