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Tarisa Wulandari
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung 35365, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology

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Effect of PEG 400 concentration on the physicochemical characteristics and stability of Persea americana seed oil nanoemulsion hair spray Tarisa Wulandari; Gayatri Simanullang; Riri Fauziyya
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.128

Abstract

Avocado seed oil (Persea americana) is rich in oleic acid and has shown potential for reducing hair loss, but earlier hair-tonic formulations had practical drawbacks that a nanoemulsion spray may overcome. This study evaluated the effect of the co-surfactant PEG 400 (15%, 20%, or 25%; formulas F1–F3) on the physicochemical properties and short-term stability of an avocado seed oil nanoemulsion hair spray, prepared in triplicate. All formulas were yellow, liquid, with a characteristic odor, and met the required pH, viscosity, spreadability, and transmittance specifications (≥99.8%). Increasing PEG 400 concentration significantly decreased pH and viscosity and increased spreadability (Pearson r = −0.990, −0.982, and 0.993; p<0.01). F3 (25% PEG 400) showed the most stable pH, viscosity, and spreadability across a six-cycle accelerated stability test and was selected for further characterization, yielding a particle size of 14.6±0.1 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.234±0.04, and a zeta potential of −4.0±0.52 mV. F3 was therefore the best-performing formula, combining good physicochemical stability with a very small, uniform droplet size. However, its low zeta potential indicates that electrostatic repulsion is unlikely to be the main stabilization mechanism, and further work on colloidal stability and hair-growth efficacy is needed before pharmaceutical application.
Co-Authors Gayatri Simanullang Riri Fauziyya