Article Per Year (5 Year)
p-Index From 2021 - 2026
0.61
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This Author published in this journals
All Journal Journal of Law and Legal Reform International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia
Muhammad Azil Maskur
Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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REDD+ Application in Southeast Asia: Legal Challenges and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Climate Change Mitigation Adrian Nugraha; Joni Emirzon; Muhammad Azil Maskur; Robert Lihtorng Chen
International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): January-June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ildisea.v5i1.36056

Abstract

Indigenous peoples, whose cultural and ecological connections to forests are profound, are disproportionately affected by climate change and related mitigation initiatives, including REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). This study critically examines the protection of Indigenous peoples’ rights in REDD+ application across Southeast Asia, with particular attention to disparities in legal recognition, stakeholder engagement, and the application of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC). Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology, the analysis draws on primary sources—such as international treaties, national constitutions, statutory regulations, and REDD+ strategies—and secondary sources, including UN and FAO reports, to evaluate both legal frameworks and practical safeguards. The findings indicate that while some countries (e.g., Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, and Myanmar) formally recognize Indigenous peoples, participation mechanisms and FPIC enforcement remain limited; others (e.g., Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos) lack explicit recognition, leaving significant gaps in rights protection. The study concludes that effective REDD+ application requires harmonized treaty interactions, strengthened domestic safeguards, and the integration of Indigenous worldviews into policymaking. It recommends inclusive, rights-based approaches that position Indigenous communities as active partners, promoting both ecological sustainability and social justice.
Disability Law Reform in Indonesia: Analyzing Policy Gap Implementation in Kudus Regency Siti Malaiha Dewi; Umi Qodarsasi; Novian Uticha Sally; Muhammad Hasan Syamsudin; Muhammad Azil Maskur
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 3 (2025): July, 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i3.24260

Abstract

Regional Regulation Number 10 of 2021 on the Protection and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Kudus City is a hope for the realization of an inclusive city. The number of people with disabilities in Kudus City reaches 0.5% of the total population of Kudus. Still, data in the field reveal that implementing the Disability Regional Regulation in Kudus faces significant implementation barriers. This study examines legal reforms that can be carried out by focusing on complementing the shortcomings of previous studies, which more often portrayed the success of the implementation of the Regional Regulation and disregarded the aspects of obstacles and barriers in the implementation process. In addition, this study analyzes the failure of implementing the Disability Regional Regulation and the factors causing it. The design of this study is qualitative, where data collection was performed through interviews, online sources, and reports. The leading theory used in this study is the implementation of policies from George C. Edward III. The findings of this study stated that four variables must be re-evaluated in implementing the Disability Regional Regulation in Kudus, including communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The results of this study include a recommendation for the regional government to promptly enact the Regent Regulation (Perbup) so that the goals of protecting and fulfilling the rights of persons with disabilities can be achieved without further delay.  
Reimagining Criminal Liability in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Toward a Comparative and Reform-Oriented Legal Framework Muhammad Azil Maskur; Ali Masyhar; Ratih Damayanti; Diandra Preludio Ramada; Subhra Sanyal
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 4 (2025): October, 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i4.35540

Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly permeate decision-making processes across sectors—from autonomous vehicles to predictive algorithms in finance and law enforcement—traditional frameworks of criminal liability face unprecedented challenges. This article critically examines the adequacy of existing criminal law doctrines in attributing liability when harm arises from autonomous or semi-autonomous AI actions. It explores the tension between actus reus and mens rea in cases involving algorithmic behavior, and interrogates whether AI entities can or should be treated as legal subjects under penal law. Through a comparative legal analysis of jurisdictions including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Indonesia, the study identifies divergent approaches to regulating AI-related harm and assigning culpability. The article highlights emerging models such as strict liability, vicarious liability, and hybrid regulatory frameworks, and evaluates their potential for adaptation within Indonesia’s evolving legal system. Special attention is given to the role of developers, corporations, and state actors in shaping accountability mechanisms. The paper concludes by proposing a normative framework for reimagining criminal liability in the age of AI—one that balances innovation with legal certainty, and integrates ethical safeguards, technological transparency, and procedural fairness. This framework aims to inform future legislative reform in Indonesia and contribute to global discourse on AI governance and criminal justice.
Co-Authors Adrian Nugraha Ali Masyhar Diandra Preludio Ramada Joni Emirzon Muhammad Hasan Syamsudin Novian Uticha Sally Ratih Damayanti Robert Lihtorng Chen Siti Malaiha Dewi Subhra Sanyal Umi Qodarsasi