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All Journal Insight Management And Business
Mateus Ximenes
Institute of Busines, Timor Leste
Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management

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Cooperative-Based Empowerment of Women in Timor-Leste: A Conceptual Model Hindah Mustika; Susanti; Mateus Ximenes
Insight Management and Business (IMB) Vol 4 No 1 (2026): IMB 2026
Publisher : Institut Riset dan Publikasi Asas Nusantara.

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Abstract

Women's economic participation in rural Timor-Leste remains constrained by unequal access to productive resources, limited institutional support, and persistent socio-cultural norms, despite the potential of cooperatives to address these barriers. Existing literature discusses gender equality, entrepreneurship, and cooperative development largely in isolation, leaving a theoretical gap in explaining how cooperative participation translates into women's economic empowerment in Timor-Leste's four municipalities: Dili, Baucau, Maliana, and RAEOA. This conceptual paper synthesizes gender and economic empowerment theory with cooperative institutional theory to propose a model in which cooperative participation comprising governance involvement, resource access, and collective bargaining mediates the relationship between structural antecedents (resource access, institutional support, socio-cultural norms) and empowerment outcomes (income, decision-making capacity, social welfare), moderated by regional context. The model offers a theoretical foundation for future empirical validation and practical guidance for cooperative institutions, policymakers, and development agencies.
Co-Authors Hindah Mustika Susanti