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All Journal Lentera:Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies
Muhammad Faidhur Rahman
Jordan University
Religion Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Between Obligation and Exemption: The Debate Over the Status of the Basmalah in Islamic Jurisprudence from the Perspectives of Sunni, Shia, and Zahiri Scholars Qosim Arsadani; Muhammad Faidhur Rahman
Lentera: Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Lentera: Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies
Publisher : Program Pascasarjana IAIN Langsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32505/lentera.v8i1.16007

Abstract

The debate over the status of the basmalah (bismillāhirraḥmānirraḥīm) is a classical issue in Islamic jurisprudence concerning its position as part of Surah al-Fātiḥah and the legal ruling on its recitation during prayer. This study aims to analyze the views of Sunni, Twelver Shia, and Zahiri scholars regarding the status of the basmalah and the methodological factors underlying their differences. Employing a qualitative approach and library research, this study examines the Qur’an, hadith, exegetical works, classical fiqh literature, and relevant scholarly studies. Data were analyzed through content analysis using a comparative approach to identify the evidence, arguments, and methods of istinbāṭ al-aḥkām employed by each school. The findings indicate that differences concerning the status of the basmalah are shaped not only by variations in textual evidence but also by differences in legal epistemology and interpretive methodology. The Shafi‘i school regards the basmalah as part of Surah al-Fātiḥah and therefore requires its recitation in prayer. The Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali schools hold different positions concerning its status and recitation. The Twelver Shia regard the basmalah as a verse of every surah except Surah al-Tawbah, relying particularly on traditions transmitted from the Ahl al-Bayt. Meanwhile, the Zahiri school emphasizes the apparent meanings of the Qur’an and hadith and rejects qiyas as a basis for legal reasoning. These differences demonstrate the methodological diversity and intellectual richness of Islamic jurisprudence
Co-Authors Arsadani, Qosim