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All Journal International Journal of Nusantara Islam International Journal of Nusantara Islam
Sherwin Farell Manueke
Universitas Islam Nusantara, Bandung
Religion Arts Humanities Social Sciences

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Universal Health Insurance in Law and Public Policy Perspective: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia Aprisia Nestnyta Waworuntu; Sherwin Farell Manueke; Ahmad Ma’mun Fikri
International Journal of Nusantara Islam Vol 13 No 2 (2025): International Journal of Nusantara Islam
Publisher : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15575/ijni.v13i2.58615

Abstract

This study provides a comparative analysis of the implementation of universal health insurance laws in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia within the frameworks of health law and public policy, grounded in Universal Health Coverage principles. Employing a normative legal methodology—incorporating literature reviews and comparative legal analysis—the paper examines the regulatory frameworks, institutional governance, and implementation mechanisms of BPJS Kesehatan (Indonesia), PhilHealth under the Universal Health Care Act (Philippines), and the tax-funded public healthcare system in Malaysia. The findings reveal distinct institutional approaches: mandatory social health insurance in Indonesia, automatic enrollment in the Philippines, and tax-financed direct service provision in Malaysia. Effectiveness depends not only on coverage and financing but also on regulatory design, governance quality, and accountability. Key challenges include contribution compliance, fraud risks, and fiscal sustainability. The study recommends strengthening regulatory integration, institutional transparency, and national health information systems, while emphasizing social equity and accountability to safeguard the right to health. This report contributes to the field of comparative health law by highlighting regulatory coherence, governance, and fiscal capacity as critical factors for the effectiveness of Universal Health Coverage in Southeast Asia.
Universal Health Insurance in Law and Public Policy Perspective: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia Aprisia Nestnyta Waworuntu; Sherwin Farell Manueke; Ahmad Ma’mun Fikri
International Journal of Nusantara Islam Vol 13 No 2 (2025): International Journal of Nusantara Islam
Publisher : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15575/ijni.v13i2.58615

Abstract

This study provides a comparative analysis of the implementation of universal health insurance laws in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia within the frameworks of health law and public policy, grounded in Universal Health Coverage principles. Employing a normative legal methodology—incorporating literature reviews and comparative legal analysis—the paper examines the regulatory frameworks, institutional governance, and implementation mechanisms of BPJS Kesehatan (Indonesia), PhilHealth under the Universal Health Care Act (Philippines), and the tax-funded public healthcare system in Malaysia. The findings reveal distinct institutional approaches: mandatory social health insurance in Indonesia, automatic enrollment in the Philippines, and tax-financed direct service provision in Malaysia. Effectiveness depends not only on coverage and financing but also on regulatory design, governance quality, and accountability. Key challenges include contribution compliance, fraud risks, and fiscal sustainability. The study recommends strengthening regulatory integration, institutional transparency, and national health information systems, while emphasizing social equity and accountability to safeguard the right to health. This report contributes to the field of comparative health law by highlighting regulatory coherence, governance, and fiscal capacity as critical factors for the effectiveness of Universal Health Coverage in Southeast Asia.
Co-Authors Ahmad Ma’mun Fikri Aprisia Nestnyta Waworuntu