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All Journal International Humanities and Applied Science Journal
Joshua Rivaldo Parlindungan
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Library & Information Science Social Sciences

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LEGAL PROTECTION OF WORKERS’ RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ERA: DIGITAL PLATFORM EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN INDONESIA: LEGAL PROTECTION OF WORKERS’ RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ERA: DIGITAL PLATFORM EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN INDONESIA Joshua Rivaldo Parlindungan; Agustina Merdekawati
International Humanities and Applied Science Journal Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): IHASJ VOLUME 9, ISSUE 2, 2026
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

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Abstract

This study examined the legal protection of digital platform workers in Indonesia, whose employment status remained unregulated despite the rapid expansion of the gig economy. It pursued three objectives: to determine the legal status of the relationship between platform workers and platform companies under the Manpower Law and the Job Creation Law; to evaluate the adequacy of the existing protective framework against the benchmarks of legal certainty, coverage, and enforceability; and to formulate an ideal regulatory model informed by comparative law. A normativeempirical (socio-legal) method was employed, combining doctrinal analysis with field data obtained from a survey of 200 platform workers, twenty in-depth interviews, and three focus group discussions conducted across five major cities. The survey found that the majority of respondents were economically dependent on a single platform, that fares were set unilaterally, and that only a minority were enrolled in employment social security, confirming a significant legal vacuum. The study introduced the concept of digital subordination to demonstrate that algorithmic control satisfied the command element of an employment relationship, and proposed a Tiered Protection Framework that calibrated protection to the worker’s degree of economic dependence.
Co-Authors Agustina Merdekawati