<![CDATA[This study analyzes the effectiveness of the House of Representatives’ oversight function in the lawmaking process and its implications for the balance of power within Indonesia’s constitutional system. The research is driven by the weak implementation of parliamentary oversight, which has reduced the effectiveness of checks and balances between the legislative and executive branches. This study employs a normative juridical method, using statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzed through the theories of the trias politica and checks and balances. The findings reveal that parliamentary oversight in lawmaking remains predominantly formal-procedural and has not fully functioned as substantive control over legislative policies. This is reflected in the accelerated enactment of strategic regulations, limited public participation, weak evaluative mechanisms, and the dominance of political coalitions in parliament. Structural, normative, and political barriers further weaken the independence and effectiveness of parliamentary control. Therefore, strengthening institutional capacity, optimizing constitutional oversight instruments, and improving legislative transparency are necessary to establish a more accountable and balanced constitutional system. The novelty of this study lies in its integrative analysis that connects normative authority, political dynamics, and oversight practices in the legislative process into a unified framework for assessing the effectiveness of checks and balances in Indonesia. This study contributes theoretically to constitutional law discourse and practically to parliamentary oversight reform. Penelitian ini menganalisis efektivitas fungsi pengawasan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) dalam proses pembentukan undang-undang serta implikasinya terhadap keseimbangan kekuasaan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh lemahnya pelaksanaan pengawasan parlemen yang berdampak pada menurunnya efektivitas mekanisme checks and balances antara legislatif dan eksekutif. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual yang dianalisis melalui teori trias politica dan prinsip checks and balances. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengawasan DPR dalam pembentukan undang-undang masih bersifat formal-prosedural dan belum sepenuhnya menjalankan kontrol substantif terhadap kebijakan legislasi. Kondisi tersebut terlihat dari percepatan pembentukan regulasi strategis, terbatasnya partisipasi publik, lemahnya mekanisme evaluasi, serta dominasi koalisi politik di parlemen. Hambatan struktural, normatif, dan politik juga memengaruhi independensi serta efektivitas pengawasan parlemen. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan kapasitas kelembagaan, optimalisasi instrumen pengawasan konstitusional, dan peningkatan transparansi legislasi guna mewujudkan sistem ketatanegaraan yang lebih akuntabel dan seimbang. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif yang menghubungkan kewenangan normatif DPR, dinamika politik, dan praktik pengawasan legislasi sebagai satu kesatuan analisis efektivitas checks and balances di Indonesia. Penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap pengembangan kajian hukum tata negara dan penguatan reformasi pengawasan parlemen.]]>
