<![CDATA[Secara ideal tata kelola pemerintahan diharapkan mampu mewujudkan keadilan, transparansi, akuntabilitas, dan kesejahteraan masyarakat, namun realitas terkini menunjukkan masih tingginya korupsi, ketimpangan sosial, serta lemahnya kualitas institusi di berbagai negara. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsep kepemimpinan Nabi Muhammad SAW, kebijakan pemerintahan Umar bin Khattab, kontribusinya dalam sejarah ekonomi dunia, serta relevansinya terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan modern. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui metode studi kepustakaan terhadap berbagai literatur ilmiah dan jurnal relevan periode 2020–2025. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kepemimpinan Nabi Muhammad SAW meletakkan fondasi tata kelola berbasis nilai tauhid, keadilan, amanah, dan etika sosial; (2) Umar bin Khattab mengembangkan nilai tersebut melalui sistem institusi negara yang terstruktur, kebijakan fiskal, serta pengelolaan Baitul Mal yang transparan dan akuntabel; (3) pemikiran ekonomi Islam klasik memberikan kontribusi penting terhadap konsep ekonomi modern terutama dalam keadilan distribusi, pengawasan pasar, dan kesejahteraan sosial; dan (4) integrasi nilai spiritual dan kebijakan negara tetap relevan dalam mendukung pembangunan berkelanjutan, khususnya pada pengentasan kemiskinan, pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif, dan penguatan institusi yang adil. Ideally, governance is expected to realize justice, transparency, accountability, and public welfare. However, current realities still indicate high levels of corruption, social inequality, and weak institutional quality in various countries. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the leadership concept of Prophet Muhammad SAW, the governmental policies of Umar bin Khattab, their contributions to the history of the world economy, and their relevance to modern sustainable development. This research employs a qualitative approach through a literature study method based on various scientific literatures and relevant journals published between 2020–2025. The results of the study show that: (1) the leadership of Prophet Muhammad SAW established the foundation of governance based on the values of monotheism, justice, trustworthiness, and social ethics; (2) Umar bin Khattab developed these values through a structured state institutional system, fiscal policies, and transparent and accountable management of the Baitul Mal; (3) classical Islamic economic thought contributed significantly to modern economic concepts, particularly in distributive justice, market supervision, and social welfare; and (4) the integration of spiritual values and state policies remains relevant in supporting sustainable development, especially in poverty alleviation, inclusive economic growth, and the strengthening of just institutions.]]>
